I Glossary Terms

The I-MASK+ COVID-19 Protocol is an outpatient treatment plan developed during the COVID-19 pandemic by the FLCCC group. In cancer care, it may come up as a complementary approach aimed at symptom relief, nutrition support, immune help, or improving quality of life. It is important to discuss this protocol with your cancer care team before use, as it may interact with treatments or health conditions.

Ibandronate is a medication used to prevent and treat osteoporosis, especially in postmenopausal women. It is also studied for helping prevent bone fractures caused by cancer that has spread to the bones. Ibandronate can be taken as a pill or given by injection. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your treatment or health.

Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndrome (IBMFS) is a group of rare inherited disorders where the bone marrow cannot make enough blood cells. People with IBMFS have a higher risk of developing acute leukemia or certain solid tumors. The term may appear in different forms, so it’s important to understand it in context and discuss its meaning with your healthcare team.

Ibrance (palbociclib) is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat certain advanced breast cancers that are hormone receptor positive (HR+) and HER2 negative (HER2-). It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow, often given with hormone therapies to help control cancer spread. It may also appear under related names such as Palbociclib.

Ibritumomab tiuxetan, also known as Zevalin, is a targeted cancer treatment for certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It combines a lab-made antibody that attaches to cancer cells with a small amount of radiation to help kill them. It is used mainly in adults with relapsed or refractory lymphoma and is sometimes combined with other antibody therapies.

Ibrutinib (brand name Imbruvica) is a targeted cancer drug used to treat certain blood cancers like chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. It works by blocking a protein called Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), which helps cancer cells grow. Ibrutinib may also be used for other conditions and is taken as a pill.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common digestive disorder causing abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits like diarrhea or constipation. It is also known by other names such as irritable colon, mucus colitis, and spastic colon. IBS symptoms can vary and may overlap with other conditions, so it’s important to discuss what IBS means for you with your healthcare team.

Ibuprofen is a common medicine used to reduce pain, fever, and swelling. It is sold under brand names like Advil and Motrin. In cancer care, ibuprofen may help manage symptoms such as pain or inflammation. If you see ibuprofen mentioned in your medical notes or treatment plan, ask your care team how it applies to your situation, as it is not a treatment for cancer itself but a way to ease symptoms.

An ICD, or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, is a small device placed inside the body to help correct abnormal heartbeats. It monitors the heart and delivers an electrical shock if it detects a heartbeat that is too fast, too slow, or irregular. This device is implanted by surgery, usually in the chest or abdomen, and helps protect against dangerous heart rhythms.

ICE is a chemotherapy treatment combining three drugs—ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide phosphate—used mainly for certain lymphomas that have returned or not responded to other treatments. Patients may see the term ICE or ICE regimen in medical reports or treatment plans. It’s important to ask your care team how this treatment applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or recommendation by itself.

The ICE regimen is a chemotherapy treatment combining three drugs—ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide phosphate—mainly used to treat Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas that have returned or not responded to other treatments. Patients may see ICE mentioned in medical reports or treatment plans and should ask their care team how it applies to their specific situation.

ICI 182780, also known as fulvestrant or Faslodex, is a hormone therapy drug used mainly to treat certain types of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. It works by blocking and breaking down estrogen receptors on cancer cells, which can slow or stop cancer growth. It is given as a monthly injection and may be used alone or with other medicines.

Raltitrexed, also known as ICI D1694, is a cancer drug that works by blocking tumor cells from making DNA, which helps stop their growth. It belongs to a group of medicines called thymidylate synthase inhibitors. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment discussions. It’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment plan on its own.

Iclusig (ponatinib hydrochloride) is a prescription medicine used to treat certain types of blood cancers, including chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome–positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL). It is often used when other treatments have not worked or when the cancer has a specific mutation called T315I. Iclusig works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow and survive.

Idamycin PFS, also known as 4-Demethoxydaunorubicin or idarubicin hydrochloride, is a chemotherapy drug used with other medicines to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It works by blocking enzymes cancer cells need to divide and repair DNA, which may help kill these cells. It is part of a group of drugs called anthracycline antibiotics and topoisomerase inhibitors.

Idarubicin hydrochloride, also known as Idamycin PFS or 4-demethoxydaunorubicin, is a chemotherapy drug used with other medicines to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It works by blocking enzymes cancer cells need to divide and repair DNA, which may help kill these cells. It belongs to a group of drugs called anthracycline antibiotics and topoisomerase inhibitors.

IDC-P, or intraductal carcinoma of the prostate, is a type of prostate cancer that starts in the glandular tissue lining the prostate and spreads into the ducts. It is often large when found and tends to grow and spread quickly. If you see IDC-P mentioned in your medical reports, it’s important to discuss with your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it alone defines your diagnosis or treatment.

IDEC-Y2B8, also known as 90Y-Ibritumomab Tiuxetan or 90Y-Zevalin, is a targeted cancer treatment used with rituximab to treat certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It combines an antibody that attaches to cancerous B cells with a small amount of radiation to help kill them more effectively while aiming to limit damage to healthy tissue.

Idecabtagene vicleucel, also called Abecma, is a personalized treatment for adults with multiple myeloma when the cancer has returned or not improved after other therapies. It uses a patient’s own immune cells, changed in a lab to better find and attack myeloma cells. This therapy is part of a newer approach called CAR T-cell therapy, designed to help the immune system fight cancer more effectively.

Idelalisib (brand name Zydelig) is a cancer drug taken by mouth that helps block proteins involved in cancer cell growth. It is approved to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) that has returned after previous treatment. Idelalisib is often used with another drug called rituximab. It is being studied for other cancers but is not a first-choice treatment.

The IDH1 gene makes a protein that helps cells produce energy and protect themselves. Changes (mutations) in this gene have been found in some cancers, including certain types of leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and brain tumors. These mutations can cause cells to grow abnormally. Some cancer treatments target the abnormal protein made by the mutated IDH1 gene.

The IDH2 gene makes a protein inside cell mitochondria that helps produce energy. Changes (mutations) in this gene have been found in some cancers, including acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and certain brain tumors. Treatments targeting mutated IDH2, like the drug enasidenib, may help control these cancers. The gene may also be called isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 gene, so checking exact wording in medical reports can help avoid confusion.

Idhifa (enasidenib mesylate) is a medicine used to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that has returned or not improved after other treatments. It works by blocking a protein made by a mutated IDH2 gene in some cancer cells, which may help slow or stop cancer growth. Idhifa is taken as a daily pill and is also being studied for other cancers.

Idiopathic means a disease or condition with no known cause. In cancer care, you might hear this term when doctors describe symptoms or disorders that appear without a clear reason. It’s important to ask your care team what idiopathic means for your specific situation rather than assuming it explains everything about your diagnosis or treatment.

Idiopathic myelofibrosis is a rare, long-term condition where scar tissue gradually replaces the bone marrow, the body’s blood cell factory. This causes blood cells to be made in other organs like the liver and spleen, often leading to an enlarged spleen and anemia. It is also called primary myelofibrosis or agnogenic myeloid metaplasia.

Idiopathic Pneumonia Syndrome (IPS) is a serious lung condition that causes pneumonia-like symptoms such as fever, chills, coughing, and breathing difficulties without any infection in the lungs. It often happens as a complication after a stem cell transplant. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan by itself.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a rare lung disease where the tissue around the air sacs becomes thick and stiff due to scar tissue. This causes breathing difficulties and a gradual loss of lung function. The exact cause is unknown, but factors like viral infections, smoking, and genetics may play a role. IPF worsens over time and requires careful diagnosis and management by healthcare providers.

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP), also called immune thrombocytopenia, is a condition where the immune system mistakenly destroys platelets, the blood cells that help with clotting. This leads to a low platelet count, which can cause easy bruising, bleeding, and purple spots on the skin or mucous membranes. ITP can appear under different names, so it’s important to ask your care team what it means for you.

Idoxifene is a drug that was developed to block the effects of estrogen. It belongs to a group of medicines called selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Although it was studied for breast cancer and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, it was never approved or sold because it did not show enough benefit in clinical trials. Patients should discuss with their care team if they encounter this term.

Idoxuridine is a drug first developed to fight cancer but became the first antiviral medicine in 1962. It is mainly used as an eye treatment for herpes simplex keratitis, a viral infection of the cornea. It works by interfering with viral DNA. Patients should ask their care team how idoxuridine relates to their care, as it is not a cancer treatment today and is used only as a topical eye medication.

IDRF stands for Image-Defined Risk Factor. It is a term used mainly in neuroblastoma to describe features seen on imaging tests like MRI or CT scans that suggest the tumor may be harder to remove safely by surgery. For example, if a tumor surrounds major blood vessels or involves multiple body areas, it is considered an IDRF. Patients should ask their care team how this term applies to their specific situation.

IEN, or Intraepithelial Neoplasia, describes abnormal cells found on the surface or lining of an organ, such as the cervix, breast, or prostate. These cells look different under a microscope and may be low or high grade. While not cancer, they can sometimes develop into cancer if untreated. Understanding this term can help patients discuss test results and follow-up care with their healthcare team.

An IEP, or Individualized Education Plan, is a legal plan that helps children with disabilities or health conditions like cancer get special education services and support at school. It outlines the extra help a child needs, such as tutoring, therapy, or special class placement, to succeed in school despite health challenges.

IFA, also known as Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant or Montanide ISA-51, is a mixture of oil and water used to boost the immune response to specific antigens. It is studied in cancer care as part of immunotherapy and cancer vaccines to help the body’s immune system recognize and fight cancer cells. Patients may see the term in treatment plans or clinical trial information and should ask their care team how it applies to their situation.

Ifex, also known as ifosfamide, is a chemotherapy drug used with other medicines to treat certain cancers, especially malignant testicular germ cell tumors. It works by damaging cancer cells’ DNA to help stop their growth. Ifex may appear under different names, so it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific treatment.

IFN Alpha-2B, also known as interferon alfa-2b or Intron A, is a laboratory-made drug that helps the immune system fight certain cancers and infections. It is used to treat conditions like AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, hairy cell leukemia, some lymphomas, melanoma, genital warts, and chronic hepatitis B or C. Patients may see this name in treatment plans or medical reports and should ask their care team how it applies to their care.

The Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT), also called iFOBT or immunochemical fecal occult blood test, is a simple at-home test that checks for hidden blood in stool. It helps detect early signs of colorectal cancer or other conditions like polyps or hemorrhoids. A positive result means blood was found and usually leads to further testing, such as a colonoscopy.

Ifosfamide (brand name Ifex) is a chemotherapy drug used with other medicines to treat certain cancers, including malignant testicular germ cell tumors. It works by damaging cancer cells’ DNA to stop their growth. Ifosfamide is given through a vein and may cause side effects like hair loss, nausea, and bladder irritation. It is also being studied for other cancers. Always ask your care team how it applies to your treatment.

Ig, or immunoglobulin, is a protein made by certain white blood cells that helps the body fight infections. Some types of Ig may be found in higher amounts in people with certain cancers like multiple myeloma or Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Measuring Ig levels in blood or urine can help doctors diagnose cancer or monitor treatment. The term Ig may appear in medical reports under different names, so it’s important to ask your care team what it means for you.

IGF, or insulin-like growth factor, is a protein made by the body that helps many types of cells grow. It is similar to insulin and comes in two forms, IGF-1 and IGF-2. IGF plays a role in normal cell growth but may also be involved in cancer growth. Understanding IGF and related terms can help patients and caregivers ask their care team how it relates to their specific situation.

IGF-1R Inhibitor OSI-906, also called OSI-906, is a substance being studied in cancer treatment. It works by blocking a protein called IGF-1R, which some tumors need to grow. Blocking this protein may help stop tumor growth or cause tumor cells to die. Patients should discuss with their care team what this term means for their specific situation.

IGFR, or insulin-like growth factor receptor, is a protein found on the surface of some cells, including many cancer cells. It helps cells grow and divide when it binds to insulin-like growth factors (IGF). Some cancer treatments, like MK-0646, target IGFR to slow cancer growth. If you see IGFR mentioned in your medical records, ask your care team what it means for your situation.

IgG-RFT5-dgA, also called RFT5-dgA immunotoxin, is a laboratory-made medicine studied for treating melanoma that has spread in the body. It combines an antibody with a toxic substance to target and kill certain white blood cells that block the immune system from attacking cancer. Patients may see this term in reports or treatment discussions and should ask their care team how it relates to their care.

Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) is a way to make radiation treatment more precise. It uses special imaging like CT scans or X-rays during treatment to help aim radiation beams exactly at the tumor. This helps protect healthy tissue nearby and improves the accuracy of radiation therapy. Patients should ask their care team how IGRT applies to their specific treatment plan.

IH636 Grape Seed Extract is a natural substance studied for its potential to protect normal tissues from damage caused by radiation therapy. It acts as an antioxidant. Patients should discuss its use with their care team to understand if it might be relevant to their treatment, rather than assuming it is a recommended therapy on its own.

Interleukins (ILs) are proteins made by white blood cells and other cells that help regulate the immune system. They play a role in how the body fights infections and inflammation. Some interleukins, like IL-1, can be made in the lab and used in cancer treatment to help boost the immune response. If you see IL mentioned in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

IL-1, or Interleukin-1, is a protein made mainly by certain white blood cells that helps the immune system fight infections. It can cause fever and helps immune cells reach infection sites. In cancer care, lab-made IL-1 is sometimes used to boost the immune system. Patients should understand IL-1 in context and ask their care team how it relates to their situation.

IL-1-Alfa, also called IL-1-alpha or interleukin-1-alpha, is a protein made mainly by certain white blood cells called macrophages. It helps the immune system fight infections by supporting other white blood cells and can cause fever. In cancer care, lab-made IL-1-Alfa may be used to help boost the immune system. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

IL-1-alpha, also called interleukin-1-alpha or IL-1-alfa, is a protein made mainly by certain white blood cells called macrophages. It helps the immune system fight infections by supporting other immune cells and can cause fever. In cancer care, lab-made IL-1-alpha may be used to help boost the immune system. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

IL-1-beta, also called IL-1B or interleukin-1-beta, is a protein made mainly by certain white blood cells called macrophages. It helps other immune cells, like lymphocytes, fight infections and can cause fever. In cancer care, lab-made IL-1-beta may be used to help boost the immune system. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

IL-10, also called Interleukin-10, is a protein made by certain white blood cells that helps reduce inflammation and supports the immune system. It can increase antibody production and help immune cells live longer. IL-10 made in the lab may be used to help boost the immune system during cancer treatment. If you see IL-10 mentioned in your medical records, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

IL-11, or Interleukin-11, is a protein made by support cells in the bone marrow that helps the body grow blood cells. A lab-made form called oprelvekin (also known as Neumega) is used to help increase platelet counts in some cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. The term IL-11 can appear in medical reports, so it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a protein made mainly by certain white blood cells called B lymphocytes and macrophages. It helps the immune system by encouraging other immune cells to grow and produce important signals. In cancer care, lab-made IL-12 may be used to boost the immune response. Patients should ask their care team how IL-12 relates to their specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

IL-13, also called Interleukin-13, is a protein made by certain immune cells called T lymphocytes. It helps control inflammation and supports the immune system. In cancer care, lab-made IL-13 may be used to help boost the immune response. Patients should understand IL-13 in the context of their care and ask their medical team how it relates to their situation.

IL-1B, also called IL-1-beta or interleukin-1-beta, is a protein made mainly by certain white blood cells called macrophages. It helps the immune system fight infections and can cause fever. In cancer care, lab-made IL-1B may be used to help boost the immune system. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

IL-2, or interleukin-2, is a protein made by certain immune cells that helps boost the immune system. In cancer care, a lab-made form of IL-2 is sometimes used to help the body fight cancer. However, IL-2 treatment can cause side effects like flu-like symptoms and low blood pressure. Researchers are studying new substances to reduce these side effects and make IL-2 therapy easier to tolerate.

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a natural protein made by certain white blood cells that helps increase blood cell production in the bone marrow. In cancer care, IL-3 is part of some treatments being studied or used to target blood cancers. If you see IL-3 mentioned in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a protein made by certain immune cells called T lymphocytes. It helps the immune system by encouraging other immune cells to grow and make antibodies. In cancer care, IL-4 made in the lab may be used to help boost the immune system. Patients should always ask their care team how IL-4 relates to their own health, rather than assuming it means a specific diagnosis or treatment.

IL-5, or Interleukin-5, is a protein made by certain white blood cells that helps the immune system work. It encourages some immune cells to grow and produce antibodies. In cancer care, IL-5 made in the lab may be used to help boost the immune system. If you see IL-5 mentioned in your medical information, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

IL-6, or interleukin-6, is a protein made by certain white blood cells that helps control inflammation and immune responses. In cancer care, medicines like Actemra (tocilizumab) block IL-6 to manage side effects from treatments such as CAR T-cell therapy. Understanding IL-6 can help patients recognize its role in inflammation and why it appears in treatment plans or medical reports.

IL-7, also called interleukin-7 or lymphopoietin-1, is a protein made by cells that support organs and tissues in the body. It helps the immune system by encouraging the growth of certain white blood cells. In cancer care, lab-made IL-7 may be used to help boost the immune system. Patients should ask their care team how IL-7 relates to their own health rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

An ileostomy is a surgical opening made by bringing the end of the small intestine (ileum) through the skin to create a new path for waste to leave the body. It may be needed temporarily or permanently after part of the intestine is removed, often in treatments for colorectal or ovarian cancer. Patients use a pouch to collect waste, and the care team can explain how an ileostomy applies to each person’s situation.

The ileum is the last part of the small intestine, connecting to the large intestine. It helps digest food and absorb nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and water. Problems in the ileum can affect digestion and may be involved in conditions such as Crohn’s disease or intestinal cancer. Understanding the ileum’s role can help patients and caregivers discuss symptoms and treatments with their healthcare team.

Ileus is a condition where the intestines stop moving food and waste normally, causing a blockage without a physical obstruction. In cancer care, ileus often happens after abdominal or pelvic surgery or as a side effect of some treatments. It can cause symptoms like belly pain, bloating, nausea, and constipation. Managing ileus is important to help patients feel better and avoid complications during cancer treatment.

Iloprost is a medication used mainly to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a condition where blood vessels in the lungs are narrowed. It helps open these vessels to improve blood flow and ease symptoms like shortness of breath. Iloprost is given by inhalation and is also approved to treat severe frostbite to reduce the risk of finger or toe amputation. Patients should discuss with their care team how iloprost applies to their specific health situation.

ILX-295501 is a substance being studied as a potential anticancer drug. It belongs to a group of drugs called diarylsulfonylureas. Researchers are exploring its effects and safety in cancer treatment, but it is not yet an approved medicine. Understanding terms like ILX-295501 can help patients and caregivers follow discussions about new cancer therapies and clinical trials.

ILX23-7553 is a substance currently being studied as a possible anticancer drug. It is not yet an approved treatment, and its role in cancer care is still under investigation. Patients and caregivers should discuss with their healthcare team how this term might relate to their specific situation rather than assuming it indicates a diagnosis or treatment plan.

IM usually means "intramuscular," which refers to something within or into a muscle. In cancer care, IM can have different meanings depending on the context, such as describing how a tumor looks on imaging tests or referring to a type of drug. Because IM can appear in various ways, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming one definition.

IM-862 is an anticancer drug that belongs to a group called angiogenesis inhibitors. These drugs work by blocking the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. If you see the term IM-862 in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Image-Defined Risk Factor (IDRF) is a term used mainly in neuroblastoma to describe features seen on imaging tests like MRI or CT scans that suggest the tumor may be harder to remove safely by surgery. For example, if a tumor surrounds major blood vessels or involves multiple body areas, it is considered an IDRF. Knowing about IDRF helps doctors plan treatment and surgery more carefully.

Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) is a way to make radiation treatment more precise by using imaging like CT scans or X-rays during each session. This helps the care team aim radiation beams exactly at the tumor, protecting healthy tissue nearby and improving treatment accuracy. Patients should ask their care team how IGRT fits into their specific radiation plan.

Imagery Therapy, also called Guided Imagery or Guided Visualization, is a relaxation technique where you imagine calming and positive scenes using your senses. In cancer care, it may help reduce stress, pain, anxiety, and other symptoms, support recovery after treatments, and improve quality of life. It is used alongside medical treatments and is not a cure for cancer.

Imaging is a medical process that creates pictures of the inside of the body using methods like x-rays, ultrasound, MRI, and nuclear scans. These images help doctors find health problems, diagnose cancer, plan treatments, and monitor how well treatments are working. Imaging tests are usually painless and may involve some preparation, such as removing metal objects or fasting.

An imaging procedure, also called an imaging test, is a medical test that creates detailed pictures inside the body using energy like x-rays, sound waves, or magnets. These tests help doctors find, diagnose, and monitor cancer and other health conditions. Common examples include CT scans, mammograms, ultrasounds, and MRIs, including specialized types like 3 Tesla MRI.

An imaging test is a medical procedure that creates detailed pictures of the inside of your body. These tests use different types of energy like X-rays, sound waves, or radioactive substances to help doctors find health problems, plan treatments, or check how well treatments are working. Common imaging tests include CT scans, MRIs, ultrasounds, and nuclear medicine scans.

Imatinib mesylate, also known by brand names like Gleevec and Imkeldi, is a targeted cancer drug used to treat certain blood cancers, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and some rare conditions. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow. Patients may see different names for this drug in medical reports or prescriptions, so it’s important to discuss its role in your treatment with your healthcare team.

Imbruvica (ibrutinib) is a targeted cancer drug taken as a pill to treat certain blood cancers like chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. It works by blocking a protein called Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), which helps cancer cells grow. Imbruvica may also be used for other conditions and is being studied in additional cancers.

IMC-1121B, also known as ramucirumab or Cyramza, is a targeted cancer drug that blocks a protein called VEGFR-2. By doing this, it helps stop tumors from growing new blood vessels they need to survive and grow. It is used alone or with other treatments for certain lung, liver, colorectal, and stomach cancers.

IMC-A12, also called cixutumumab, is a laboratory-made antibody studied as a treatment for some cancers. It works by blocking a protein called the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), which some cancer cells need to grow. Cixutumumab is still experimental and mainly used in clinical trials, not yet a standard cancer treatment.

Imdelltra, also known as Tarlatamab, is a medicine used to treat adults with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer that has worsened after platinum chemotherapy. It works by helping the immune system’s T cells find and kill lung cancer cells more effectively. Imdelltra is a type of immunotherapy called a bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE).

Imetelstat sodium, also known as Rytelo, is a targeted cancer drug approved to treat certain adults with low-risk or intermediate-1 risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) who have anemia requiring frequent blood transfusions and have not responded to other treatments. It works by blocking an enzyme called telomerase, which helps some cancer cells grow and divide.

Imexon, also called Amplimexon, is a drug being studied in research for treating several types of cancer such as pancreatic, lung, breast, prostate, melanoma, and multiple myeloma. It is not yet a standard treatment but is part of ongoing efforts to find new options. Patients may hear about Imexon during discussions of clinical trials or experimental therapies.

Imfinzi (durvalumab) is a cancer medicine that helps the immune system fight cancer. It is used alone or with other drugs to treat several cancers, including certain lung, bladder, biliary tract, endometrial, and liver cancers. Imfinzi works by blocking a protein that cancer cells use to hide from the immune system, helping the body recognize and attack cancer cells more effectively.

Imipenem is a strong antibiotic used to treat serious or hard-to-treat bacterial infections. It belongs to a group of drugs called carbapenems and works against many types of bacteria. It is often given with another medicine called cilastatin to help it work better. Patients should always talk with their healthcare team about how imipenem fits into their care, especially if they have allergies to similar antibiotics like penicillin.

Imiquimod is a prescription cream used to treat certain skin conditions, including actinic keratosis (a precancerous skin condition), superficial basal cell carcinoma (a common type of skin cancer), and genital or perianal warts in adults and children aged 12 and older. It works by helping the immune system recognize and fight abnormal skin cells. Imiquimod is sold under brand names like Aldara and Zyclara.

Imjudo, also known as tremelimumab, is a medicine used with durvalumab to treat adults with certain types of liver and lung cancers that cannot be removed by surgery. It works by helping the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. Imjudo is a type of immune checkpoint inhibitor called a monoclonal antibody. It is being studied for use in other cancers as well.

Imkeldi is a cancer drug also known as Gleevec, imatinib mesylate, or STI571. It is a targeted therapy used to treat certain blood cancers, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and rare skin tumors. Imkeldi works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow. Patients may see different names for this drug in medical reports or prescriptions, so it’s important to ask your healthcare team how it applies to your treatment.

Imlygic (also called T-VEC or talimogene laherparepvec) is a medicine used to treat melanoma skin cancer that cannot be removed by surgery. It is made from a modified herpes virus that is injected directly into tumors to help destroy cancer cells and boost the immune system’s ability to fight the cancer. Imlygic is approved for melanoma in the skin and lymph nodes and is being studied for other cancers.

Schaffner / Immanence Health Integrative Cancer Care is a program or clinic approach that combines various ideas, tests, supplements, lifestyle changes, medications, coaching, and therapies related to cancer prevention, treatment support, symptom relief, and recovery. It is not a single treatment but a collection of services and strategies. Patients should discuss this approach with their healthcare team before use to understand its role and safety in their care.

An immature teratoma is a type of tumor made up of different kinds of tissues, like hair, muscle, or bone. It usually occurs in newborns near the tailbone or in the ovaries of young girls. Unlike mature teratomas, immature teratomas are often cancerous and can spread. Some may produce hormones or enzymes that cause symptoms. It’s important to discuss what this diagnosis means for each person with their healthcare team.

IMMU-106, also known as Ha20, HCD20, or veltuzumab, is a laboratory-made protein called a monoclonal antibody. It is being studied as a treatment for certain types of lymphoma by targeting a protein called CD20 found on some immune and lymphoma cells. This helps the immune system recognize and kill cancer cells. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your care.

IMMU-110, also known as Milatuzumab or hLL1, is a laboratory-made antibody being studied to treat certain blood cancers like multiple myeloma. It targets a protein called CD74 found on cancer cells and may help kill them. Sometimes it is combined with chemotherapy drugs in research. It is not yet a standard treatment but has received special status for rare diseases.

An immune adjuvant is a drug that helps boost the immune system’s response to disease. In cancer care, these drugs may be used to support treatments that rely on the immune system to fight cancer cells. The exact role and meaning of immune adjuvants can vary depending on the type of cancer and treatment plan.

An Immune Boosting Diet is a nutrition approach discussed in cancer care to support immune health, reduce inflammation, aid digestion, and improve treatment tolerance. It may be used alongside conventional cancer treatments or as part of supportive care. Patients should discuss any diet changes with their healthcare team to ensure safety and appropriateness.

Immune cells are white blood cells that help protect the body from infections and diseases, including cancer. They develop in the bone marrow and include types like T cells and B cells. Some treatments and tests target these cells to help fight cancer or find cancer cells in the body. Understanding immune cells can help patients and caregivers discuss care plans with their medical team.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are cancer medicines that help your immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. They work by blocking proteins that cancer cells use to hide from immune cells. These drugs can cause side effects that vary by person, cancer type, and treatment dose. Doctors monitor patients closely to manage any side effects that may occur.

Immune checkpoint proteins are special proteins found on some immune cells and cancer cells. They help control the immune system by telling immune cells when to slow down. Some cancer cells use these proteins to avoid being attacked by the immune system. Medicines that block these proteins can help the immune system better find and kill cancer cells. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your care.

Immune Complex Hemolytic Anemia is a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys red blood cells faster than the body can replace them. This can cause symptoms like tiredness, weakness, and pale skin. It often occurs in people with certain blood cancers, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The condition is also called autoimmune hemolytic anemia or immunohemolytic anemia, which are different names for the same problem.

Immune function refers to how well your body’s natural defense system fights infections and diseases, including cancer. It’s important in cancer care because a weakened immune system can increase infection risk and affect treatment choices. Patients may hear about immune function when discussing conditions like AIDS or immune disorders, but it’s best to ask your care team how it relates to your personal health.

The immune response is how your body defends itself against harmful or foreign substances, like bacteria, viruses, or cancer cells. It involves recognizing these threats and trying to destroy them. Researchers are studying ways to support the immune response to help fight cancer, but it is not yet a standard treatment. If you hear this term, ask your care team how it relates to your care.

The immune system is your body’s natural defense network made up of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to fight infections and diseases, including cancer. It includes white blood cells and parts of the lymph system like lymph nodes and bone marrow. A weakened immune system can make it harder to fight infections and may affect cancer risk or treatment.

An immune system disorder is a condition that affects the body’s natural defense system, which helps fight infections and diseases. These disorders include problems where the immune system is too weak, attacks the body’s own tissues, or overreacts to harmless substances. In cancer care, some immune system disorders or treatments can increase infection risks or affect how the body responds to cancer.

An immune system modulator is a type of medicine that helps the body’s immune system recognize and fight cancer or other diseases. Sometimes called an immunomodulating agent, these treatments support the immune system to block tumor growth rather than attacking cancer cells directly. They may be used in cancer care to boost natural defenses or manage side effects.

Immune system tolerance is when the immune system does not react to something it normally would, such as cancer cells. Some cancer treatments work by blocking this tolerance, helping the immune system recognize and attack tumors. Drugs like ipilimumab block a protein called CTLA-4 to boost immune response against cancer. Understanding this concept can help patients discuss immunotherapy options with their care team.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), also called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, is a condition where the immune system mistakenly destroys platelets, the blood cells that help clotting. This leads to a low platelet count, causing easy bruising, bleeding, and purple spots on the skin or mucous membranes. ITP can appear under different names, so it’s important to ask your care team what it means for you.

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), also called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, is a condition where the immune system mistakenly destroys platelets, the blood cells that help clotting. This leads to a low platelet count, causing easy bruising, bleeding, and purple spots on the skin or mucous membranes. It can appear under different names, so it’s important to ask your care team what it means for you.

Immunity is your body’s natural defense system that protects you from infections and diseases. In cancer care, immunity can be weakened by the cancer itself or treatments like chemotherapy, making infections more likely. Understanding immunity helps patients and caregivers know why extra precautions or treatments may be needed to stay healthy during cancer care.

Immunization is a way to help your body build protection against certain diseases, especially infections. It works by triggering your immune system to recognize and fight specific germs. Immunizations, often given as vaccines, are important for preventing illness and can be part of your overall health care, including cancer care. Always talk with your care team about what immunizations you need and how they fit into your treatment plan.

An immunoassay is a lab test that uses antibodies to detect and measure specific substances, such as proteins, in blood, stool, or other samples. One common type is the Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT), which checks for hidden blood in stool to help screen for colorectal cancer. If you see the word immunoassay in your medical records, ask your care team how it relates to your care.

The Immunoassay Fecal Occult Blood Test (often called FIT or iFOBT) is a simple, at-home test that checks for hidden blood in stool. It uses antibodies to detect blood protein, which can be an early sign of colorectal cancer or other conditions like polyps or hemorrhoids. A positive result usually leads to further testing, such as a colonoscopy.

The Immunochemical Fecal Occult Blood Test (also called FIT or iFOBT) is a simple, at-home test that checks for hidden blood in stool. It uses antibodies to detect blood protein, which can be an early sign of colorectal cancer or other conditions like polyps or hemorrhoids. A positive result usually leads to further testing, such as a colonoscopy, to find the cause.

Immunocompetence means the body’s ability to produce a normal immune response. It refers to mature immune cells, like B cells and T cells, that can recognize threats and help protect the body. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask the care team how it relates to their specific health situation.

Immunocompetent means having a healthy immune system that can respond normally to infections or other threats. It refers to immune cells that are mature and able to recognize harmful substances. This term is often used in medical reports or treatment plans to describe how well the immune system is working. If you see this word, ask your care team what it means for your specific health situation.

Being immunocompromised means having a weakened immune system that cannot fight infections and diseases as well as usual. This can happen due to illnesses like cancer or AIDS, or from treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, or organ transplants. People who are immunocompromised are more vulnerable to infections and may need special care to prevent or treat infections like cytomegalovirus (CMV) or COVID-19.

Immunoconjugates are cancer treatments that combine an antibody with a cell-killing substance like a drug, toxin, or radioactive material. The antibody targets cancer cells, helping deliver the linked substance directly to them. Some immunoconjugates are also used to help find cancer cells in the body. Patients should ask their care team how immunoconjugates apply to their specific situation rather than treating the term alone as a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Immunoconjugate therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses an immune system substance, like a monoclonal antibody, linked to a cell-killing agent such as a drug, toxin, or radioactive material. This combination targets and kills cancer cells while sparing most healthy cells. Patients should discuss with their care team how this therapy applies to their specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment recommendation on its own.

Immunocytochemistry is a lab test that uses special antibodies to find specific proteins or markers in cells. It helps doctors diagnose diseases like cancer and can show differences between types of cancer. The test makes these markers visible under a microscope by attaching dyes or enzymes to the antibodies. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your diagnosis or treatment.

Immunodeficiency means your immune system is weaker than usual and may not fight infections or diseases well. This can happen for many reasons, including infections like HIV/AIDS or certain medical treatments. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your health and cancer care, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis by itself.

Immunodeficiency Syndrome, often called AIDS, is a condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that weakens the immune system. This makes it harder for the body to fight infections and some cancers. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers communicate better with healthcare providers and make informed decisions about care.

Immunofluorescence is a lab method that helps doctors find specific markers (antigens) on cells or tissues. It uses antibodies with special glowing dyes to highlight these markers under a microscope. This technique can assist in diagnosing infections or diseases, including some cancers. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask the care team how it relates to their individual situation.

Immunogenicity is how well the immune system recognizes and responds to substances it sees as foreign, like vaccines, bacteria, viruses, or cancer cells. It describes the ability of these substances to trigger an immune reaction. For patients, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Immunoglobulins, also called antibodies or Ig, are proteins made by certain white blood cells to help the body fight infections. In cancer care, measuring immunoglobulin levels can help diagnose some cancers or monitor treatment. They may also appear in test results or treatment plans. Understanding what immunoglobulins are can help you ask questions and better follow your care.

Immunohemolytic anemia is a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys red blood cells faster than the body can replace them. This can cause symptoms like tiredness, weakness, and pale skin. It often occurs in people with certain blood cancers, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The condition is also called autoimmune hemolytic anemia or immune complex hemolytic anemia, which are different names for the same problem.

Immunohistochemistry is a lab test that uses special proteins called antibodies to find specific markers in a tissue sample. This helps doctors see certain features of cells under a microscope, which can help diagnose diseases like cancer and tell different types of cancer apart. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

The Immunologic Fecal Occult Blood Test (often called FIT or iFOBT) is a simple, at-home stool test that looks for hidden blood. It uses antibodies to detect a blood protein called hemoglobin. Finding blood in stool can be an early sign of colorectal cancer or other conditions like polyps or hemorrhoids. This test helps doctors decide if further exams, such as a colonoscopy, are needed.

An immunological adjuvant is a substance added to a vaccine to help strengthen the body’s immune response. This means that less vaccine may be needed to achieve protection. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Immunology is the study of the body’s immune system, which helps protect against infections and diseases. In cancer care, it relates to how the immune system works, how it can be affected by treatments, and how it may be used to fight cancer. Patients may see this term in test results or treatment discussions and should ask their care team what it means for their specific situation.

An immunomodulating agent, also called an immune system modulator, is a substance that changes how the immune system works. These agents can either boost or suppress the immune response to help the body fight cancer, infections, or other diseases. Some target specific parts of the immune system, while others affect it more generally. They are used in cancer treatment to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells.

Immunomodulation means changes in the immune system that can happen naturally or be caused by treatments. It involves adjusting how the immune system responds, either boosting or calming it, to help the body fight disease or avoid harmful reactions. In cancer care, immunomodulation is often part of therapies that aim to improve the immune system’s ability to target cancer cells.

Immunophenotyping is a lab test that uses special antibodies to identify specific markers on the surface of cells. It helps doctors diagnose certain cancers, like types of leukemia and lymphoma, by showing what kinds of cells are present. This test can also group cells based on their markers, aiding in diagnosis and treatment decisions.

Immunoscintigraphy is a medical imaging test that helps find cancer cells in the body. It works by injecting a special antibody tagged with a small amount of radioactive material. This antibody attaches mainly to cancer cells, and a scanner detects the radioactive signals to create pictures showing where cancer cells may be located. Patients should discuss with their care team how this test applies to their specific situation.

Immunosignature is a test that looks at patterns of antibodies in the blood to help detect diseases like cancer or infections. It uses a special array with thousands of small protein pieces to find unique immune system patterns. For patients, it’s important to understand immunosignature results in context and ask your care team how they apply to your health, rather than seeing the term alone as a diagnosis or treatment plan.

An immunostimulant is a substance that helps increase the activity of the immune system to fight infections and diseases, including cancer. Some immunostimulant drugs, such as mifamurtide (also called MEPACT or L-MTP-PE), are being studied to help the immune system attack cancer cells, especially in certain bone cancers. Patients should discuss with their care team how immunostimulants might relate to their treatment.

Being immunosuppressed, also called immunocompromised, means having a weakened immune system that cannot fight infections and diseases as well as usual. This can happen due to illnesses like cancer or AIDS, or from treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, or organ transplants. People who are immunosuppressed are more vulnerable to infections and may need special care to prevent or treat infections like cytomegalovirus (CMV) or COVID-19.

Immunosuppression means a weakening or lowering of the body’s immune system, which reduces its ability to fight infections and diseases. It can happen on purpose, such as when medicines are given to prevent organ transplant rejection, or as a side effect of cancer treatments or certain illnesses. Understanding immunosuppression helps patients and caregivers recognize infection risks and discuss their care with their healthcare team.

Immunosuppressive refers to medicines or treatments that lower the activity of the immune system. These are often used to prevent the body from rejecting transplanted organs or to treat autoimmune diseases. In cancer care, immunosuppressive drugs may be part of managing blood disorders or side effects of treatment. It’s important to understand this term in context and ask your care team how it applies to your situation.

Immunosuppressive agents are medicines that lower the activity of the immune system. They are often used to prevent the body from rejecting transplanted organs or bone marrow. These drugs can also treat conditions where the immune system is overactive, like some autoimmune diseases. Because they reduce immune defenses, patients taking them may have a higher risk of infections and need careful monitoring.

Immunosuppressive therapy is treatment that lowers the activity of the immune system. It is often used to prevent organ or bone marrow transplant rejection and to treat autoimmune diseases. Because it reduces the immune system’s ability to fight infections and cancer cells, some types of this therapy may increase cancer risk. Patients should always discuss with their care team how immunosuppressive therapy applies to their individual situation.

Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune system fight cancer. It uses substances made from living organisms or in a lab to boost or restore your body’s natural defenses. Immunotherapy can target specific cancer cells or strengthen your immune response more generally. It is used for some cancers and is often given alongside other treatments like surgery or chemotherapy.

Immunotherapy-Supportive Nutrition is a part of standard cancer care that focuses on nutrition support during immunotherapy treatment. It is guided by oncology specialists and tailored to specific cancer types. This approach aims to help patients maintain strength, improve comfort, and support treatment tolerance, rather than cure cancer on its own. Patients should discuss how it applies to their care with their medical team.

An immunotoxin is a lab-made medicine that links an antibody to a toxin. It targets specific proteins on cancer cells, delivering the toxin directly to kill those cells while aiming to spare healthy ones. Immunotoxins like B43-PAP are being studied for certain cancers, often in clinical trials, but are not yet standard treatments for all patients.

Imodium, also known as loperamide hydrochloride, is a medication used to treat diarrhea. It works by slowing the movement of muscles in the intestines, helping the body absorb more water from stool. This results in firmer and less frequent bowel movements. Imodium acts only in the gut when taken as directed and is commonly used to manage diarrhea symptoms in various health conditions.

Impairment means losing part or all of a physical or mental ability, like seeing, walking, or thinking clearly. In cancer care, patients may have special vulnerabilities such as organ problems, nerve damage, or immune system weakness. Understanding impairments helps patients and caregivers recognize challenges and work with their care team to manage symptoms and treatment safely.

An implant is a medical device placed inside the body to replace, support, or enhance a part of the body. Implants can be used for many reasons, such as replacing a missing tooth, rebuilding a breast after cancer surgery, or helping organs work better. They may be made of materials like silicone, metal, or other biocompatible substances and can be temporary or permanent.

Implant Displacement Views, also called Eklund Views, are special mammogram images used for women with breast implants. This technique gently moves the implant back against the chest wall while pulling the breast tissue forward. This helps the mammogram capture clearer pictures of the breast tissue around the implant. It is a procedure to improve imaging, not a diagnosis or treatment.

Implant Radiation Therapy, also called brachytherapy or radiation brachytherapy, is a type of radiation treatment where small radioactive materials are placed directly inside or next to a cancer. This internal approach helps focus radiation on the tumor while protecting nearby healthy tissues. It is commonly used for cancers such as prostate, cervical, breast, head and neck, and eye cancers.

An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is a small device placed inside the body, usually in the chest or abdomen, to monitor and correct abnormal heartbeats. It sends electrical shocks to restore a normal heart rhythm when needed, helping protect against dangerous heart problems. ICDs are important for people at risk of sudden heart rhythm issues and may affect cancer treatment plans.

An implantable pump is a small device placed under the skin to deliver a steady dose of medicine directly into the body. It is often used in cancer care to provide continuous treatment, such as pain relief or chemotherapy, in a controlled way. If you see this term in your medical records, ask your care team how it applies to your treatment plan.

Impotence, also called erectile dysfunction (ED), is when a man has trouble getting or keeping an erection firm enough for sexual activity. It can happen often or repeatedly and may affect emotional well-being and relationships. ED can be caused by physical health issues, medications, or psychological factors. Understanding the cause helps guide treatment and support.

Impotent, often called erectile dysfunction (ED), means having trouble getting or keeping an erection firm enough for sexual activity. It is common after prostate cancer treatments like surgery or radiation but can also result from other health issues. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

IMRT, or Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy, is an advanced type of radiation treatment that uses computer images to shape radiation beams precisely to the tumor’s size and shape. This helps deliver strong doses to cancer cells while reducing damage to nearby healthy tissues. It is one of several modern radiation techniques used in cancer care.

In situ is a medical term meaning 'in its original place.' It describes abnormal or cancer cells that are found only where they first formed and have not spread to nearby tissues. This term is often used in early cancer diagnosis to indicate that the disease is localized and has not become invasive.

In vitro means "in glass" and refers to laboratory studies done outside the body, such as in test tubes or petri dishes. In cancer care, in vitro studies help researchers understand how cancer cells react to treatments before testing in animals or people. This term often appears when discussing lab research, drug development, or fertility treatments like in vitro fertilization (IVF).

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a medical procedure that helps people who have trouble getting pregnant. It involves collecting eggs from a woman’s ovaries and fertilizing them with sperm in a laboratory to create embryos. These embryos can then be placed in the uterus or frozen for future use. IVF is often part of assisted reproductive technology (ART) and may be discussed when cancer treatments could affect fertility.

In vivo means "in the body" or "within a living organism." It refers to tests, studies, or treatments done inside a living person or animal, as opposed to outside the body in a lab. In cancer care, in vivo studies help doctors understand how treatments work in the whole body, including effects on tumors and normal tissues. Patients should ask their care team how in vivo findings relate to their own care.

In-transit metastasis is when skin cancer cells spread through lymph vessels and start growing more than 2 centimeters away from the original tumor but before reaching the nearest lymph node. This term describes a specific pattern of cancer spread and should be discussed with your care team to understand what it means for your individual situation.

Inalimarev, also known as PANVAC-V or recombinant vaccinia-CEA-MUC-1-TRICOM vaccine, is an experimental cancer vaccine made from a harmless form of vaccinia virus. It is designed to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells by producing proteins often found on tumors. It is being studied in clinical trials but is not yet a standard treatment.

Inavolisib (brand name Itovebi) is a targeted cancer drug used with palbociclib and fulvestrant to treat adults with certain types of advanced breast cancer. It works by blocking a protein called PI3K-alpha, especially in cancers with a PIK3CA gene mutation. This treatment is for hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer that has returned or spread after hormone therapy.

Incidence is the number of new cases of a disease, like cancer, diagnosed each year. It helps show how often a disease occurs in a group of people over a certain time. Understanding incidence can help patients and caregivers learn about cancer risks and guide decisions about screening and care.

An incision is a surgical cut made in the body to allow doctors to perform an operation or procedure. In cancer care, incisions are often part of surgeries to remove tumors or take tissue samples. If you see this term in your medical notes, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific diagnosis or treatment plan.

An incisional biopsy is a surgical procedure where a doctor removes a small part of an abnormal lump or tissue to check for disease. Unlike an excisional biopsy, which removes the entire lump, an incisional biopsy takes only a sample. This helps doctors diagnose conditions like cancer when removing the whole lump isn’t possible or safe.

Inclusion means being part of something and feeling supported, respected, and valued. In cancer care, it refers to creating an environment where people from different backgrounds and experiences feel they belong and are cared for. Inclusion helps patients and caregivers feel safe and supported during their cancer journey. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

An incomplete colonoscopy happens when the doctor cannot pass the colonoscope through the entire colon to the cecum, the pouch connecting the colon to the small intestine. This may occur due to factors like stool in the colon, pain during the test, or certain colon shapes. If you see this term, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment decision.

Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA), also called Montanide ISA-51, is a mixture of oil and water used to help boost the immune system’s response to specific substances called antigens. It is studied in cancer care as part of immunotherapy and cancer vaccines to help the body better recognize and fight cancer cells. Patients may see this term in treatment plans or clinical trial information and should ask their care team how it applies to their situation.

Incomplete penetrance (also called reduced penetrance) means that some people who inherit a gene mutation linked to cancer do not actually develop cancer. This means having a mutation does not guarantee disease. It’s important to understand this term in context and ask your care team how it applies to your personal health, rather than assuming it predicts a certain outcome.

Incontinence means having trouble controlling urine or stool, leading to accidental leaks. It is common and can happen for many reasons, including aging, pregnancy, menopause, or certain health conditions. Incontinence can affect daily life but often improves with treatment. If you notice changes in bladder or bowel control, talk with your care team to find the best approach for you.

Incubated means grown or kept in special laboratory conditions. For example, white blood cells may be incubated to help them better attack cancer cells when returned to the body. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation instead of assuming it describes a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

IND stands for Investigational New Drug, also called experimental or investigational drug. These are medicines tested in labs and animals and approved by the FDA for testing in people. Patients may access INDs mainly through clinical trials or special programs when standard treatments aren’t available. If you see IND in your records, ask your care team what it means for your care, as it is not a diagnosis or treatment recommendation by itself.

Inderal is a medicine that contains propranolol hydrochloride, a type of beta blocker. It helps relax and widen blood vessels, which lowers blood pressure and heart rate. Inderal is used to treat high blood pressure and other conditions. It is also approved to treat infantile hemangioma, a benign blood vessel tumor in infants. If you see this term, ask your care team how it applies to your situation.

Indian Cress, also known as Watercress, is a leafy plant sometimes mentioned in cancer-related information. It has a peppery taste and is often used in salads or cooking. Parts of the plant have been used in traditional medicine, and some studies suggest it may have anticancer effects. If you see this term in your medical records or discussions, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Indian Elm, also known as Gray Elm, Red Elm, Slippery Elm, Sweet Elm, Ulmus fulva, or Ulmus rubra, is a tree whose inner bark has been used traditionally for health purposes. It may have soothing and antioxidant effects. The term can appear under various names, so it’s important to clarify its meaning if it comes up in your medical care or discussions.

Indian Rhubarb, also known as Chinese Rhubarb, Da-Huang, or Turkish Rhubarb, is the root of certain plants used in traditional medicine. It may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects but is not a standard or approved cancer treatment. Patients should discuss its use with their healthcare team to understand its role and avoid confusion with similar names.

Indian Saffron, also known as Jiang Huang or Turmeric, is a plant from East India whose underground stem contains curcumin, a yellow substance with possible antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used as a spice, food coloring, and dietary supplement. Indian Saffron is being studied for its potential role in cancer prevention and managing side effects of cancer treatments, but it is not an approved cancer treatment.

Indian Valerian is a plant whose roots have been used as a natural sedative to help with relaxation and sleep. It is also known by many other names, including garden heliotrope, garden valerian, Mexican valerian, Pacific valerian, and Valeriana officinalis. Researchers are studying it to see if it can improve sleep for cancer patients undergoing treatment.

An indication is a medical reason for recommending a specific test, treatment, or procedure. In cancer care, understanding indications helps patients and caregivers know why a certain therapy or test is suggested. It’s important to discuss with your healthcare team how an indication applies to your unique situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment recommendation on its own.

Indinavir is a medicine once used to treat HIV/AIDS by slowing the virus’s ability to multiply. It is taken by mouth with other antiviral drugs and requires careful timing and water intake. While it helped improve life expectancy, it is no longer commonly used due to side effects and newer treatments. Patients should always discuss how it applies to their care with their healthcare team.

Indirect ophthalmoscopy is an eye exam that lets a doctor see a wide view inside the back of your eye using a special light and lens. It helps check the health of important eye structures and can detect signs of conditions like increased pressure in the brain. This test uses a light attached to a headband and a handheld lens, providing a broader view than other eye exams.

Indium In 111-anti-CEA monoclonal antibody M5A is a special substance studied for imaging certain cancers. It combines a monoclonal antibody that targets a protein called CEA on some tumor cells with a small amount of radioactive indium. Injected into the bloodstream, it helps doctors find cancer cells using imaging machines. Patients should ask their care team how this applies to their situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment.

Indium In 111-CHX-A DTPA trastuzumab is a special substance used in medical imaging to help find certain cancers. It combines a radioactive material called indium In 111 with trastuzumab, a protein that attaches to HER2 receptors on some breast and other cancer cells. This helps doctors see cancer cells during scans. Patients should discuss with their care team what this means for their own care.

Indium In 111-Ibritumomab Tiuxetan, also called 111In-Zevalin, is a special medicine that combines a lab-made antibody with a small amount of radioactive material. It targets a protein called CD20 on B cells and is mainly used to help find certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma by showing where the medicine collects in the body through a scanning test. It is a diagnostic tool, not a treatment.

Indium In 111-pentetreotide is a radioactive drug used to find certain neuroendocrine tumors. It attaches to a protein called somatostatin receptor, which some tumor cells have. This helps doctors see where tumor cells are in the body using a special scanner. Patients should ask their care team how this test or drug applies to their situation rather than assuming it means a specific diagnosis or treatment.

An Individualized Education Plan (IEP) is a legal plan designed to help children with disabilities or health conditions, such as cancer, get special education services and support at school. It outlines the extra help a child needs, like tutoring, therapy, or special class placement, to succeed academically despite health challenges.

Indole is a natural chemical found in plants like broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower. It is being studied for its potential to support health and possibly help prevent some cancers, including breast, prostate, and colon cancer. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand indole in context and discuss with the care team how it relates to individual health, rather than viewing it as a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Indole-3-carbinol is a natural substance found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and cabbage. It is being studied for its possible role in cancer prevention and treatment. However, current evidence is limited and inconsistent. Taking supplements without medical advice may affect hormone balance, so it’s important to discuss with your healthcare team before use.

Indolent describes a type of cancer that grows slowly over time. This term is often used with lymphomas, a group of blood cancers, to help explain how quickly the cancer may develop. Understanding whether a cancer is indolent can help patients and caregivers better follow diagnosis and treatment discussions. It’s important to ask your care team what this means for your specific situation rather than relying on the word alone.

Indolent lymphoma, also called low-grade lymphoma, is a slow-growing type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It often causes few or no symptoms at first and may not need immediate treatment. This type of lymphoma tends to progress slowly, allowing for careful monitoring or treatment based on individual needs. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers better follow diagnosis and care plans.

Indomethacin is a prescription drug that reduces pain, fever, swelling, and redness. It belongs to a group called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In cancer care, it may be used to help reduce immune system suppression caused by tumors and to support the effects of anticancer treatments. It is important to discuss any use of indomethacin or related supplements with your healthcare team to ensure safety.

Induction therapy is the first treatment given for a disease like cancer. It is often considered the best or standard initial approach and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or a combination. If this treatment doesn’t work or causes serious side effects, other treatments may be tried. Induction therapy is also called first-line therapy, primary therapy, or primary treatment.

Industrial hemp, also called hemp, is a type of Cannabis sativa plant grown mainly for its fiber, seeds, and oil. It contains very low levels of THC, the chemical in marijuana that causes a “high.” Hemp is the natural source of cannabidiol (CBD), a substance studied for managing symptoms related to cancer and its treatments. CBD is not approved to treat cancer itself, so patients should discuss its use with their healthcare team.

Infantile fibrosarcoma, also called congenital fibrosarcoma, is a rare cancer that starts in fibrous connective tissue. It usually affects infants and very young children and can sometimes be detected before birth. These tumors often grow quickly and can become large, but they rarely spread to other parts of the body. Treatment often involves surgery and sometimes chemotherapy.

Infantile Genetic Agranulocytosis, also known as congenital neutropenia or Kostmann disease, is a rare inherited condition where the body makes too few neutrophils. Neutrophils are white blood cells that help fight bacterial infections. Babies with this condition often have frequent infections and may have a higher risk of certain bone marrow problems or blood cancers like acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).

Infantile hemangioma is a common, noncancerous tumor made of blood vessels that usually appears on a baby’s skin a few weeks after birth. Often called a “strawberry mark,” it typically grows for a few months and then slowly fades away on its own. While usually harmless, some cases may need treatment, such as medication, especially if the hemangioma affects important areas like the eyes or breathing.

Infantile hemangiopericytoma is a rare soft tissue tumor that starts in cells around blood vessels, usually found in infants and young children. These tumors can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). They often appear as lumps under the skin and may grow quickly. Treatment usually involves surgery, but the tumor can sometimes come back or spread to other parts of the body, especially in children older than one year.

Infantile myofibromatosis is a rare condition where one or more benign (non-cancer) tumors form in the skin, muscle, bone, or sometimes internal organs of infants and young children. These tumors usually appear within the first two years of life or at birth. While often harmless and sometimes shrinking on their own, they can grow large and affect nearby tissues. Understanding this condition in context and discussing it with your care team is important.

Infantile Rickets, also known as juvenile rickets or rachitis, is a condition in children where bones become soft and misshapen due to a lack of calcium and phosphorus. This usually happens because of not enough vitamin D in the diet or insufficient sunlight. In adults, a similar condition is called osteomalacia. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for you or your child’s health.

An infection happens when germs like bacteria, viruses, or fungi enter and grow in your body. Symptoms depend on where the infection is and can include fever, pain, or redness. Cancer treatments like chemotherapy can weaken your immune system, making infections more likely and sometimes serious. Good hand washing and avoiding sick people help prevent infections during cancer care.

The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries blood from the lower body—including the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis—back to the heart. It is an important part of the body’s blood circulation system. If you see this term in your medical information, it’s best to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment.

Infertile means being unable to have children. Cancer treatments like chemotherapy, radiation, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy can affect fertility in both men and women. Fertility preservation options, such as sperm banking for males and egg or embryo freezing for females, may be available before treatment begins. Talking with your health care team about fertility concerns is important when planning cancer care.

Infertility means not being able to have children. Cancer and its treatments, like chemotherapy, radiation, or hormone therapy, can affect fertility in both men and women. Some cancers and treatments may lower fertility temporarily or permanently. There are ways to preserve fertility before treatment starts. Talking with your doctor about fertility is important to understand your options and get support.

Infiltrating breast cancer, also called invasive breast cancer, is a type of breast cancer that has spread from where it started in the breast into nearby normal tissues. The most common form begins in the milk ducts and is known as infiltrating ductal carcinoma. This cancer can spread through the blood and lymph systems to other parts of the body. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers discuss diagnosis and treatment with their care team.

Infiltrating cancer, also called invasive cancer, means that cancer cells have grown beyond the original layer of tissue and started to spread into nearby healthy tissues. This term describes how cancer behaves rather than a specific diagnosis or treatment. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your healthcare team what it means for your individual situation and next steps.

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma, also called invasive ductal carcinoma, is the most common type of breast cancer. It starts in the lining of the milk ducts and grows into nearby breast tissue. This cancer can spread through the blood and lymph systems to other parts of the body. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers discuss diagnosis and treatment with their healthcare team.

Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma, also called Invasive Lobular Carcinoma, is a type of breast cancer that starts in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows into nearby breast tissue. It can spread beyond the breast through blood and lymph systems. If you see this term in your medical reports, it’s important to discuss with your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Inflammation is the body’s natural response to injury or infection, causing redness, swelling, pain, and sometimes loss of function. It helps heal damaged tissue but can become harmful if it lasts too long. Chronic inflammation may contribute to diseases like cancer and liver problems. Symptoms vary depending on the cause and location of inflammation.

Inflammatory means related to inflammation, which is the body’s natural response to injury or illness, causing redness, swelling, pain, and warmth. In cancer care, inflammation can be part of symptoms or side effects, but the word itself is not a diagnosis. It’s important to ask your care team how inflammation applies to your situation rather than assuming what it means on its own.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of conditions that cause ongoing inflammation in the digestive tract, mainly the colon and small intestine. The two main types are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. People with IBD may have symptoms like stomach pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. IBD can increase the risk of colon cancer, so regular screening and close care are important.

Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare, fast-growing breast cancer that causes the breast to look red, swollen, and warm. It often does not form a lump and may cause the skin to look dimpled like an orange peel. It is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage and requires careful testing to confirm. If you notice sudden breast changes, see your doctor promptly.

An inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare type of tumor made up of muscle-like and immune cells. It most often occurs in children and young adults and usually appears in the lungs, abdomen, or pelvis. These tumors rarely spread to other parts of the body but can come back after treatment. Some IMTs have specific genetic changes that may help guide treatment options.

Infliximab is a type of medicine called a monoclonal antibody that blocks a protein involved in inflammation. It is being studied for helping prevent weight loss and loss of appetite in people with advanced cancer. Patients should discuss with their care team how infliximab might relate to their own treatment, rather than assuming it is a standard therapy.

Influenza A virus is one of the viruses that cause the flu. It can infect people and some animals. Amantadine hydrochloride is a medicine that helps fight infections caused by this virus by stopping it from entering cells. While not a cancer treatment, it may be used in cancer care to manage flu infections or certain neurological symptoms. Always ask your care team how this term applies to your situation.

Informed consent, also called the consent process, is when patients receive clear information about a medical procedure, treatment, genetic test, or clinical trial. It helps patients understand the risks, benefits, and what to expect before agreeing to care. This process is especially important in cancer care because treatments and tests can be complex and carry significant risks or uncertain outcomes.

Infrared coagulation is a medical technique that uses a quick burst of infrared light to treat abnormal tissue. It works by causing blood in small veins to harden, which helps shrink the abnormal area. This method is being studied for preventing anal cancer in some people with HIV. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your care, as it is not a diagnosis or a standard treatment on its own.

Infrared thermography (IRT), or thermal imaging, uses a special camera to detect heat patterns on the surface of the body. It creates images showing temperature differences, which some clinics use to look for changes related to inflammation or breast health. It is important to understand how this test fits into your care and to discuss its meaning with your healthcare team rather than relying on it alone for diagnosis or treatment decisions.

The infratentorium is the lower back part of the brain that includes the cerebellum and brain stem. Some brain tumors, like medulloblastomas and brain stem gliomas, can develop in this area. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it describes a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Infugem is a chemotherapy drug also known as gemcitabine hydrochloride or Gemzar. It is used to treat several types of cancer, including breast, non-small cell lung, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers. Infugem works by interfering with cancer cells’ ability to make DNA, which may slow or stop their growth. It can be given alone or with other chemotherapy drugs depending on the treatment plan.

An infusion is a way to give fluids or medicines directly into the bloodstream through a vein. In cancer care, infusion is often used to deliver treatments like chemotherapy or adoptive cell therapy. It is also called intravenous infusion. Understanding infusion helps patients know how some cancer treatments are given and what to expect during their care.

Ingenol mebutate gel, also known as Picato, is a medicine applied to the skin to treat actinic keratosis, which are rough, scaly patches that can sometimes turn into skin cancer. It works by helping to kill abnormal skin cells. Patients should always discuss with their care team how this treatment might apply to their specific situation, as the term alone is not a diagnosis or treatment recommendation.

Ingestion means taking something into the body by mouth, such as food, medicine, or other substances. In cancer care, it’s important to understand this term in context, especially if it relates to poisoning or organ health, since these can affect treatment. Always ask your healthcare team how ingestion applies to your situation rather than assuming it refers to a diagnosis or treatment.

An inguinal orchiectomy is a surgery to remove one or both testicles through an incision in the groin. It is often done when testicular cancer is suspected to prevent the spread of cancer. The removed tissue is examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells. This surgery is an important step in diagnosing and treating testicular cancer.

Inhalation means breathing in air or other substances into the lungs. In cancer care, inhalation can refer to exposure to harmful dusts like cadmium, which may increase lung cancer risk, or to breathing in medicines delivered as a mist to help with lung symptoms. It’s important to understand inhalation in context and ask your care team how it relates to your diagnosis or treatment.

An inhaler is a device that delivers medicine as a mist you breathe in through your mouth or nose. In cancer care, inhalers may be used to help open airways and ease breathing problems caused by lung cancer, treatment side effects, or other lung conditions. If you see the word inhaler in your care plan, ask your healthcare team how it applies to you.

Inherited means genetic changes passed down from parents to children. Some inherited gene changes can raise the risk of certain cancers, like breast and ovarian cancer. These inherited risks are also called hereditary. Knowing about inherited gene changes can help guide cancer screening and treatment decisions. It may also appear under related names such as Hereditary.

Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndrome (IBMFS) is a group of rare inherited disorders where the bone marrow cannot make enough blood cells. People with IBMFS have a higher risk of developing acute leukemia or certain solid tumors. The term may appear in different forms, so it’s important to understand it in context and discuss its meaning with your healthcare team.

An inherited cancer syndrome is a genetic condition passed down in families that increases the chance of developing certain cancers, often at younger ages. These syndromes result from changes in specific genes and may affect multiple family members. Examples include hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome and Lynch syndrome. Genetic testing and counseling can help identify these risks and guide care.

Inherited erythroblastopenia, also known as Blackfan–Diamond anemia or Diamond-Blackfan anemia, is a very rare inherited condition where the bone marrow makes too few red blood cells. It usually appears in babies under one year old and may cause symptoms like tiredness and pale skin. Some children have physical differences such as thumb deformities. There is an increased risk of certain cancers, including leukemia and bone cancer.

Inherited predisposition means having inherited gene changes that increase the chance of developing certain diseases, including some cancers. Also called genetic susceptibility or hereditary predisposition, it is not a diagnosis but a way to understand inherited risks. Genetic testing can identify these changes, but results should be discussed with your care team to understand what they mean for you personally.

Iniparib, also known as BSI-201, is an experimental drug studied as a possible treatment for some types of cancer. It is not yet approved as a standard therapy but has been tested in clinical trials to see if it can help kill cancer cells and improve patient outcomes. Patients may hear about it in research settings or clinical trials.

An injection is a way to give medicine or fluids by using a needle and syringe to put them into your body. In cancer care and other health conditions, injections can deliver treatments, contrast dyes for imaging tests, or vaccines. They are often called shots and are a common part of diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring.

Inlyta, also called axitinib, is a targeted medicine used to treat advanced kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma). It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow and by stopping new blood vessels from forming around tumors. Inlyta may be given alone or with other drugs, especially when previous treatments have not worked. It is also being studied for other cancers.

La Luz Intensive Detox, also called Innate Detox Pathways, is a supportive approach sometimes used during cancer care. It aims to help with comfort, mobility, stress reduction, rehabilitation, symptom relief, and overall wellness. It is not a cancer treatment itself but may be part of supportive care to improve quality of life during prevention, treatment, or recovery.

Innate immunity is the natural protection you are born with that helps your body defend against germs and harmful substances. It includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as immune cells that respond quickly to infections. In cancer care, understanding innate immunity helps explain how your body’s first line of defense works and why treatments might affect your risk of infection.

Innohep, also known as tinzaparin sodium, is a medicine used to treat and prevent blood clots in deep veins. It belongs to a group of drugs called anticoagulants, which help stop clots from forming or growing. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment plans. It’s important to discuss with your care team how Innohep applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Inoperable describes a medical condition where surgery is not a suitable option to treat a cancer. This may be due to the tumor’s size, location, spread, or the patient’s overall health. When a cancer is called inoperable, other treatments like chemotherapy, radiation, or supportive care may be considered instead. It’s important to ask your care team what this means for your specific situation.

Inositol, also called myoinositol, is a nutrient related to the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts. It helps cells function and communicate. While it is being studied for cancer prevention, inositol is mainly known for its role in managing conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It is important to discuss any mention of inositol with your healthcare team to understand what it means for your care.

Inositol hexaphosphate, also called IP6 or phytic acid, is a natural substance found in many plant-based foods like grains, legumes, and nuts. It stores phosphorus and minerals in plants and is made inside animal cells. It is being studied for cancer prevention but is not an approved cancer treatment. It can affect how minerals like calcium, iron, and zinc are absorbed in the body.

Inotuzumab ozogamicin, sold as Besponsa, is a targeted medicine used to treat adults and children aged 1 year and older with a type of blood cancer called B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) that has the protein CD22. It is mainly used when the leukemia has returned or did not respond to other treatments. This drug combines an antibody that attaches to cancer cells with chemotherapy to help kill them.

Inqovi is a medicine taken by mouth that combines two drugs, decitabine and cedazuridine, to treat adults with certain blood cancers called myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). It helps slow or stop cancer cell growth by interfering with DNA production. Cedazuridine helps keep decitabine active longer in the body. Inqovi offers an oral alternative to intravenous treatment and may cause side effects like fatigue, nausea, and low blood counts.

Inrebic (fedratinib hydrochloride) is a medicine used to treat adults with certain types of myelofibrosis, a bone marrow disease. It works by blocking proteins that help abnormal blood cells grow. Inrebic is taken as capsules by mouth and is approved for intermediate-2 or high-risk myelofibrosis, including primary myelofibrosis and cases following other blood disorders.

INS316 is a substance being studied to help diagnose lung diseases, including lung cancer. It works by helping bring up mucus from deep inside the lungs, improving the quality of samples used for testing. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment.

Insomnia means having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep. It is common in people with cancer due to treatment side effects, stress, or other health issues. Managing insomnia can help improve energy and quality of life during and after cancer treatment. Treatments may include counseling, lifestyle changes, and sometimes medicines prescribed by your care team.

Instillation is a medical method of slowly placing a liquid into the body, often drop by drop. In cancer care, it commonly refers to putting medicine directly into the bladder to treat or prevent bladder cancer from returning. Patients should understand this term in context and ask their care team how it applies to their specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

An Institutional Review Board (IRB) is a special group at hospitals or research centers that reviews clinical trials to protect the people who take part. The IRB checks that studies are ethical, safe, and designed to minimize risks. Before any clinical trial begins, the IRB must approve it to help ensure participants’ rights and well-being are respected.

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that helps control blood sugar levels by moving sugar from the blood into the body’s cells for energy. It plays a key role in managing blood glucose and is important in conditions like diabetes. Regular exercise can help your body manage insulin and blood sugar better, which supports overall health.

Insulin glargine, also known as insulin glargine recombinant or by brand names like Lantus, is a long-acting form of insulin used to help control blood sugar in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. It works by slowly releasing insulin over about 24 hours to keep blood sugar levels steady. If you see this term in your health information, ask your care team how it relates to your care.

Insulin Glargine Recombinant, also known as insulin glargine or Lantus, is a long-acting insulin made in a laboratory. It helps control blood sugar levels in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes by releasing insulin slowly over about 24 hours. This medication may appear under different names in medical records, so it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your personal treatment.

Insulin glulisine, also known by the brand name Apidra, is a fast-acting insulin medicine used to help control blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. It works quickly after injection, usually given just before or shortly after meals, to manage blood sugar spikes. It may be used during cancer care to manage blood sugar changes caused by treatment or illness.

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), also called somatomedin, is a hormone similar to insulin that helps the body grow, especially during childhood. It supports cell growth and repair in adults. Some cancers use IGF to grow faster. Certain experimental cancer treatments aim to block IGF or its receptor to slow cancer growth. IGF may appear under different names like IGF-1 or IGF-2 in medical reports.

Insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR) is a protein found on the surface of some cells, including many cancer cells. It helps cells grow and divide when it binds to insulin-like growth factors (IGF). Some cancer treatments, like MK-0646, target IGFR to slow cancer growth. If you see IGFR mentioned in your medical records, ask your care team what it means for your situation.

An insulinoma is a rare growth in the pancreas’s insulin-producing beta cells. These tumors usually are benign (not cancer) but cause the body to make too much insulin. This excess insulin can lower blood sugar to unsafe levels, leading to symptoms like shakiness, sweating, dizziness, or confusion. Insulinomas are also called beta cell tumors or pancreatic insulin-producing tumors.

Alternative and integrative cancer approaches include treatments and therapies that are not part of standard cancer care. These methods may be used alongside or instead of conventional treatments to help manage symptoms, improve well-being, or support recovery. Common examples include acupuncture, herbal supplements, special diets, and meditation. It’s important to discuss any such therapies with your healthcare team to ensure they are safe and fit well with your overall cancer care.

Integrative Cancer Nutrition refers to diet and nutrition approaches used alongside cancer care. It focuses on supporting nutrition, metabolism, digestion, immune health, inflammation, and treatment tolerance. While some claims suggest it can directly fight cancer, it is mainly considered supportive care to improve comfort and resilience during treatment. Patients should discuss any nutrition plans with their healthcare team to ensure safety and fit with their overall care.

Integrative medicine combines standard cancer treatments with complementary therapies like acupuncture or yoga to help manage symptoms and improve well-being. It focuses on treating the whole person—body, mind, and spirit—alongside conventional care. Always talk with your healthcare team before starting any complementary therapies to ensure safety and coordination with your cancer treatment.

Integrative Oncology Diets are nutrition plans used alongside cancer care to support nutrition, metabolism, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. They may be discussed as part of supportive care or alternative approaches. Patients should review any diet changes with their healthcare team to ensure safety and avoid interfering with treatments.

Integrins are proteins found on the surface of cells that help them stick to nearby cells and the surrounding support structure called the extracellular matrix. They play important roles in cell growth, movement, wound healing, and the spread of cancer cells. Drugs targeting integrins are being studied for some cancers. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment.

Intensification therapy, also called consolidation therapy or postremission therapy, is treatment given after the initial cancer therapy has made the cancer disappear or reach remission. Its goal is to kill any remaining cancer cells that might still be in the body to lower the chance of the cancer coming back. This step is not needed for every patient and depends on the type of cancer and how it responded to first treatment.

Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) is an advanced type of 3-dimensional radiation treatment that uses computer images to shape radiation beams of varying strengths. This helps target the tumor precisely while reducing damage to nearby healthy tissues. IMRT is often mentioned alongside other radiation methods like 3D-Conformal Radiation Therapy (3D-CRT), but it differs in how the radiation dose is controlled and delivered.

Intensive chemotherapy uses high doses of cancer-fighting drugs to treat certain cancers like leukemia and lymphoma. It is often given before a bone marrow or stem cell transplant to help prepare the body. Because it can cause serious side effects, it is usually given in a hospital. Patients should talk with their care team to understand what intensive chemotherapy means for their specific situation.

Intercellular communication, also called cell-to-cell signaling, is how cells send and receive messages to each other. This happens either by direct contact or by releasing substances that nearby cells detect. It helps cells grow and work properly. When this communication breaks down, it can lead to abnormal cell growth, which may contribute to cancer.

Interfering Thought, also called Intrusive Thought, is an unpleasant memory or idea that keeps coming into a person’s mind and makes it hard to focus on other things. These thoughts can disrupt sleep and daily activities. If you see this term in your cancer care materials, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for you personally, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Interferons are natural proteins made by the body’s immune system to help fight infections and diseases like cancer. They can also be made in the lab and used as medicines to slow cancer growth or help kill cancer cells. Interferons are part of a group of immune system helpers called cytokines and are used in some cancer treatments and blood disorders. Talk with your care team about what interferon means for your specific care.

Interferon Alfa-2B, also known as IFN Alpha-2B or Intron A, is a lab-made medicine that helps the immune system fight certain cancers and infections. It is used to treat conditions like AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, hairy cell leukemia, some lymphomas, melanoma, genital warts, and chronic hepatitis B or C. Patients may see this name in treatment plans or medical reports and should ask their care team how it applies to their care.

Interleukins (ILs) are proteins made by white blood cells and other cells that help regulate the immune system. In cancer care, lab-made interleukins are sometimes used to boost the immune system as part of treatment. The term may appear in medical reports under different names like IL or IL-1. It’s important to understand interleukin in context and ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a protein made by certain white blood cells that helps the immune system fight infections and causes fever. In cancer care, lab-made interleukin-1 can be used to boost the immune system as part of treatment. The term may appear in medical reports under different names like IL-1, IL-1-alpha, or IL-1-beta. Patients should ask their care team how it relates to their specific situation.

Interleukin-1-Alfa (also called IL-1-alpha or IL-1-alfa) is a protein made mainly by certain white blood cells called macrophages. It helps the immune system fight infections by supporting other immune cells and can cause fever. In cancer care, lab-made Interleukin-1-Alfa may be used to help boost the immune system. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Interleukin-1-Alpha (IL-1-alpha) is a protein made mainly by certain white blood cells called macrophages. It helps the immune system fight infections by supporting other immune cells and can cause fever. In cancer care, lab-made IL-1-alpha may be used to help boost the immune system. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Interleukin-1-beta (IL-1-beta or IL-1B) is a protein made mainly by certain white blood cells called macrophages. It helps the immune system fight infections by supporting other immune cells and can cause fever. In cancer care, lab-made IL-1-beta may be used to help boost the immune system. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a protein made by certain white blood cells that helps reduce inflammation and supports the immune system. It can increase antibody production and help immune cells live longer. Laboratory-made IL-10 may be used to help boost the immune system during cancer treatment. If you see IL-10 mentioned in your medical records, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a natural protein made by support cells in the bone marrow that helps the body grow blood cells, especially platelets. A lab-made form called oprelvekin (brand name Neumega) is used to increase platelet counts in some cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Platelets help blood clot and prevent bleeding. If you see IL-11 mentioned in your care, ask your healthcare team what it means for you.

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a protein made mainly by certain white blood cells that helps the immune system grow and send signals. In cancer care, lab-made IL-12 may be used to boost the immune response. If you see IL-12 mentioned in your medical information, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a protein made by certain immune cells called T lymphocytes. It helps control inflammation and supports the immune system. In cancer care, lab-made IL-13 may be used to help boost the immune response. Patients should understand IL-13 in the context of their care and ask their medical team how it relates to their situation.

Interleukin-13 PE38QQR Immunotoxin is a substance being studied for cancer treatment. It combines a protein called interleukin-13 with a toxin from bacteria. This experimental treatment aims to target cancer cells by using the immune system. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or standard treatment.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a natural protein made by certain immune cells that helps the body fight infections and cancer. A lab-made version called Aldesleukin is used in cancer treatment to boost the immune system. IL-2 therapy can cause side effects like flu-like symptoms and low blood pressure. Researchers are studying substances like Biomed 101 to reduce these side effects and improve treatment tolerance.

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a natural protein made by certain white blood cells that helps the bone marrow produce more blood cells. In cancer care, IL-3 is part of some treatments designed to target blood cancers by helping medicines find and attack cancer cells. If you see IL-3 mentioned in your medical information, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a natural protein made by certain immune cells that helps the immune system grow and make antibodies. In cancer care, IL-4 made in the lab may be used to support the immune system. You might see IL-4 mentioned in research or clinical trials, especially for cancers with IL-4 receptors. Always ask your care team how IL-4 relates to your specific situation.

Interleukin-4 PE38KDEL Cytotoxin, also called NBI-3001 or interleukin-4 PE38KDEL immunotoxin, is an experimental cancer treatment made by combining a natural immune protein (interleukin-4) with a bacterial toxin. It is designed to target and kill cancer cells that have receptors for interleukin-4. This treatment is still being studied and is not yet a standard option.

Interleukin-4 PE38KDEL Immunotoxin, also called NBI-3001, is an experimental cancer treatment made by combining a natural immune protein (interleukin-4) with a bacterial toxin. It is designed to target and kill cancer cells that have specific receptors for interleukin-4. This treatment is still being studied and is not yet a standard option.

Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is a protein made by certain white blood cells that helps the immune system work. It encourages some immune cells to grow and produce antibodies. In cancer care, lab-made IL-5 may be used to help boost the immune system. If you see IL-5 mentioned in your medical information, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a protein made by certain white blood cells that helps control inflammation and immune responses. In cancer care, lab-made versions of IL-6 or medicines that block IL-6 are used to manage side effects from treatments like CAR T-cell therapy. Understanding IL-6 in your medical reports can help you talk with your care team about how it relates to your treatment and symptoms.

Interleukin-7 (IL-7), also called lymphopoietin-1, is a natural protein made by cells that support organs and tissues. It helps the immune system by encouraging the growth of certain white blood cells important for fighting infections. In cancer care, lab-made IL-7 may be used to help boost the immune system. Patients should ask their care team how IL-7 relates to their own health rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Intermediate grade describes cancer cells that look more abnormal than low-grade cells but less abnormal than high-grade cells when viewed under a microscope. This grade helps doctors understand how quickly the cancer might grow and spread. It is one factor among many that your care team uses to plan treatment and discuss prognosis. Always ask your care team what this grade means for your specific situation.

Intermediate-Grade DCIS, also called Grade II DCIS or intermediate-grade ductal carcinoma in situ, is a condition where abnormal cells are found inside a breast duct but have not spread outside it. These cells look somewhat abnormal under a microscope and grow faster than low-grade DCIS but slower than high-grade DCIS. It may have a higher chance of returning or becoming invasive compared to low-grade DCIS.

Intermediate-Grade Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS), also called Grade II DCIS, is a condition where abnormal cells are found inside a breast duct but have not spread outside it. These cells look somewhat abnormal and grow faster than low-grade DCIS but slower than high-grade DCIS. It may have a higher chance of returning or becoming invasive compared to low-grade DCIS.

Intermediate-grade lymphoma, also called aggressive or high-grade lymphoma, is a fast-growing cancer of the lymphatic system. It often causes noticeable symptoms and usually needs prompt treatment. The term describes how quickly the lymphoma grows and spreads, not the final diagnosis or treatment outcome. Patients should ask their care team what this means for their specific situation.

Intermittent fasting is a way of scheduling meals that cycles between periods of eating and fasting. It is sometimes discussed in cancer care for its possible effects on nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. Patients should always talk with their care team before trying intermittent fasting, as cancer and its treatments can affect how safe or helpful this approach might be for each person.

An internal exam, often called a pelvic exam, is a physical check of the female reproductive organs and nearby areas. It usually takes only a few minutes and may include collecting cell samples for cervical cancer screening tests like the Pap test or HPV test. The exam helps your healthcare provider feel the size and shape of organs such as the uterus and ovaries and check for any abnormalities.

Internal medicine is a medical specialty focused on preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases in adults without surgery. Doctors trained in internal medicine, called internists, often serve as a person’s main healthcare provider and help coordinate care with other specialists. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand how internal medicine fits into their overall care and to ask the healthcare team what it means for their specific situation.

Internal radiation therapy, also called brachytherapy, is a cancer treatment where radioactive material is placed inside or next to a tumor. This allows doctors to deliver radiation directly to the cancer while limiting exposure to nearby healthy tissue. It is commonly used for cancers like prostate, cervical, breast, and eye. Balloon catheter radiation is a special type used after breast cancer surgery to target the area where the tumor was removed.

Internal Tandem Duplication (ITD) is a genetic change where a section of DNA in a gene is copied and inserted right next to the original sequence. This mutation is often found in certain cancers, especially acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Testing for ITD helps doctors understand the cancer better and choose treatments that target this specific mutation.

An International Unit (IU) is a way to measure the strength or activity of vitamins, hormones, and some medicines. It helps compare different forms of these substances by their biological effect, not just by weight. For example, vitamin D recommendations are given in IUs, with amounts varying by age and health needs.

An internist is a doctor specially trained in internal medicine who focuses on preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases in adults without surgery. Internists often serve as primary care providers for adults and help manage complex health issues, including coordinating care with cancer specialists when needed. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone, also called luteinizing hormone (LH) or lutropin, is a hormone made by the pituitary gland. It helps control reproductive functions by acting on the ovaries in females to release eggs and prepare the uterus, and on the testes in males to produce testosterone. Understanding this hormone’s role can help patients and caregivers discuss test results or treatments with their care team.

Interstitial fluid, also called tissue fluid, is the liquid that surrounds the body’s cells. It carries oxygen and nutrients from the blood to the cells and helps remove waste products. This fluid continuously forms and drains into the lymph vessels. Patients may see this term in medical reports or discussions, but it is important to understand it in context and ask the care team how it relates to their individual situation.

Interstitial radiation therapy is a type of internal radiation treatment where small radioactive materials, such as seeds or needles, are placed directly into a tumor or nearby tissue. This approach targets cancer cells closely while limiting exposure to surrounding healthy areas. Patients should discuss with their care team how this treatment fits their specific situation.

Interval breast cancer is a type of breast cancer diagnosed between regular screening mammograms that appeared normal. These cancers may grow faster and be more advanced when found. Researchers study interval breast cancer to help identify women who might benefit from more frequent screening. If you hear this term, ask your care team what it means for your personal health and screening plan.

An intervention is an action, treatment, or procedure used to prevent or treat disease, or to improve health. In cancer care, the term often appears in research studies testing new treatments or ways to reduce cancer risk. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand the word in context and ask your care team how it applies to your personal care, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or automatic recommendation.

The intervention group, also called the experimental or investigational group, is the group of patients in a clinical study who receive the new treatment, drug, or procedure being tested. This term appears in research and treatment discussions. It’s important to understand it in context and ask your care team how it relates to your care, rather than assuming it means a specific diagnosis or treatment recommendation.

Intestinal cancer is a rare type of cancer that affects the small intestine, the long tube connecting the stomach to the large intestine. Certain factors like a high-fat diet, Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, or a history of colonic polyps can increase risk. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, blood in the stool, or a lump in the abdomen. Imaging tests help diagnose it, and surgery is the most common treatment.

Intestinal flora, also called gut flora or microflora, is the community of bacteria and other tiny organisms living in the intestines. These helpful microorganisms aid digestion and produce vitamins like biotin and vitamin K. You might see these terms in medical reports or cancer care discussions. It’s important to understand them in context and ask your healthcare team how they relate to your health or treatment.

Intestinal microflora, also called gut flora or intestinal flora, are the bacteria and other tiny organisms living in the intestines. They help digest food and produce important vitamins like biotin and vitamin K. You might see these terms in medical reports or cancer care discussions. It’s important to understand them in context and ask your healthcare team how they relate to your health or treatment.

Intestinal obstruction, also called bowel obstruction, is a blockage in the small or large intestine that stops food, liquids, gas, and stool from moving normally. It can be caused by cancer, scar tissue, hernias, or other conditions. Symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, bloating, and constipation. A complete obstruction is a medical emergency and often needs urgent treatment.

Intestinal villi are tiny, finger-like projections lining the inside of the small intestine. They contain blood vessels and help absorb nutrients from food. These small structures increase the surface area inside the intestine, making nutrient absorption more efficient. Understanding intestinal villi can help patients and caregivers better grasp how the small intestine works and why certain conditions or treatments may affect digestion and nutrient uptake.

The intestine, also called the bowel, is a long tube in your abdomen that helps digest food. It has two main parts: the small intestine and the large intestine. The small intestine includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Problems can include infections, inflammation, bleeding, cancer, and blockages. Treatment depends on the cause. Intestine-related terms may appear in medical reports, so understanding the wording helps avoid confusion.

Intoplicine is a substance studied for cancer treatment that works by blocking enzymes needed for cell division and DNA repair. It may help kill cancer cells. Patients should understand this term in context and discuss with their care team how it relates to their specific situation, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment recommendation on its own.

Intoxicating Pepper is an herb native to South Pacific islands, also known as Kava Kava, Rauschpfeffer, Tonga, and Yangona. Traditionally, its root is used to help relieve stress, anxiety, tension, sleeplessness, and menopause symptoms. It can increase the effects of alcohol and some anxiety or depression medicines. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration warns it may cause serious liver damage. Always talk with your care team about how this term relates to your care.

Intra-arterial refers to a way of delivering treatment directly into an artery, often used in liver cancer care. Tiny radioactive beads containing yttrium Y-90 are injected through a thin tube into the artery supplying the liver. This method targets cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue. Patients should discuss with their care team how this approach fits their specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment recommendation on its own.

Intra-Arterial Brachytherapy, also called radioembolization, is a type of internal radiation treatment mainly used for liver cancer or cancer that has spread to the liver. Tiny radioactive beads containing yttrium Y-90 are injected through a thin tube into the artery supplying the liver. These beads deliver radiation directly to the tumor, helping to kill cancer cells while protecting healthy liver tissue. Patients should discuss with their care team how this treatment applies to their specific situation.

Intracarotid infusion is a medical procedure where fluids or medicines are delivered directly into the carotid artery, the main artery in the neck that carries blood from the heart to the brain. This method may be mentioned in cancer care or other medical contexts. Patients and caregivers should always ask their care team how this applies to their specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan on its own.

Intracavitary radiation therapy is a type of internal radiation treatment where radioactive material is placed inside a body cavity near the cancer. It is commonly used for cancers like cervical and breast cancer. This approach allows high doses of radiation to target the tumor closely while limiting exposure to surrounding healthy tissue. Patients should discuss with their care team how this treatment applies to their specific situation.

Intracavitary radiation therapy is a type of internal radiation treatment where radioactive material is placed inside a natural body cavity near the cancer. This approach allows doctors to deliver high doses of radiation directly to the tumor while limiting exposure to nearby healthy tissue. It is commonly used for cancers such as cervical and certain breast cancers. Patients should talk with their care team to understand how this treatment fits their individual care plan.

Intracellular means inside a cell. It refers to anything occurring within the cell’s interior, including structures and substances that help the cell function. In cancer care, understanding intracellular parts like the cytoskeleton can help explain how cancer cells grow and spread. If you see this term in your medical information, ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment.

The intracellular matrix, also called the cytoskeleton, is a network of protein fibers inside cells that gives them shape and helps organize their parts. It plays an important role in how cells move, divide, and communicate. Changes in this structure can affect how cancer cells grow and spread. If you see this term in your medical information, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Intracolonic means inside the colon, the large intestine. It is often used when discussing procedures or conditions affecting the colon. For example, careful bowel cleansing before a colonoscopy helps prevent rare but serious events like an intracolonic explosion, which is caused by ignition of gases inside the colon. Patients should always ask their care team how this term applies to their own situation rather than assuming it refers to a diagnosis or treatment.

An intracranial tumor is a growth that occurs inside the brain. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and may cause symptoms depending on their size and location. One specific type, primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), often appears in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with AIDS. Understanding the term in context and discussing it with your care team is important for personalized care.

Intracutaneous, also called intradermal, means within the skin. It often refers to injections or tests done just under the skin’s surface. If you see this term in your medical notes or reports, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for you personally, rather than assuming it describes a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Intradermal (also called intracutaneous) means within the skin, specifically the dermis layer just below the surface. It often describes injections or tests done just under the skin, such as allergy tests or certain vaccinations. If you see this term in your medical notes, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it describes a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Intraductal Breast Carcinoma, also called DCIS or Ductal Carcinoma In Situ, is a condition where abnormal cells are found inside the milk ducts of the breast but have not spread beyond them. It is a non-invasive form of breast cancer often detected during routine mammograms. While not life-threatening itself, it may increase the risk of developing invasive breast cancer if untreated.

An intraductal breast papilloma is a benign (non-cancerous), wart-like growth inside a milk duct of the breast. It often appears near the nipple and may cause nipple discharge, pain, or a lump. Having a single papilloma usually does not increase breast cancer risk, but having multiple papillomas may raise that risk. If you see this term in your medical information, ask your care team what it means for you personally.

Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) is a type of prostate cancer that starts in the glandular tissue lining the prostate and grows inside the ducts. It is often large when found and tends to grow and spread quickly. If you see IDC-P mentioned in medical reports, it’s important to discuss with your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it alone defines your diagnosis or treatment.

An intraductal papilloma is a non-cancerous, wart-like growth that develops inside a milk duct of the breast, often near the nipple. A single papilloma usually does not increase breast cancer risk, but having multiple papillomas may raise this risk. It can cause symptoms like nipple discharge, a lump, or breast tenderness. If you see this term in your medical report, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Intraductal prostate carcinoma (IDC-P) is a type of prostate cancer that starts in the glandular tissue lining the prostate and grows inside the ducts. It is often larger and tends to grow and spread faster than some other prostate cancers. If you see IDC-P mentioned in your medical reports, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it alone defines your diagnosis or treatment.

Intraepithelial refers to cells that are found on the surface layer of an organ, such as the cervix or anus. When abnormal changes happen in these cells, it may be called intraepithelial neoplasia or dysplasia. These changes are not cancer but can sometimes lead to cancer if not monitored or treated. If you see this term in your medical records, ask your healthcare team what it means for your specific situation.

Intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN) describes abnormal cell changes on the surface of tissues like the cervix, vulva, anus, or other areas. These changes are not cancer but may sometimes develop into cancer if untreated. You might see related terms such as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), or anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) in your medical reports. Understanding these terms helps you follow your care plan and discuss next steps with your healthcare provider.

Intrahepatic means "within the liver." It often describes where a condition or cancer, such as bile duct cancer, is located inside the liver. For patients and caregivers, understanding this term in context is important. It is not a diagnosis by itself but part of medical language used to explain test results or treatment plans.

The intrahepatic bile duct is a small tube inside the liver that carries bile, a fluid that helps digest fats. In cancer care, the term often refers to bile duct cancer that starts inside the liver. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers discuss diagnosis and treatment options with their medical team.

Intrahepatic bile duct cancer is a rare type of cancer that starts in the bile ducts located inside the liver. Bile ducts are small tubes that carry bile, a fluid made by the liver to help digest fats, from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. This cancer is less common than bile duct cancers that start outside the liver. If you or a loved one has this diagnosis, working closely with your medical team is important to understand.

Intrahepatic infusion is a way of delivering anticancer drugs directly into the blood vessels of the liver. This method targets the liver specifically and may be mentioned in cancer care related to liver or bile duct conditions. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it applies to your situation rather than assuming it describes a diagnosis or treatment plan by itself.

Intralesional means a treatment or injection given directly into a lesion or tumor, such as a skin tumor. In cancer care, intralesional immunotherapy uses substances like purified candida, MMR, or tuberculin protein to stimulate the immune system within the tumor area. Patients should understand this term in context and ask their care team how it applies to their specific situation.

Intraluminal intubation and dilation is a procedure sometimes used during radiation treatment for esophageal cancer. It involves placing a plastic or metal tube through the mouth into the esophagus to help keep it open. This can make swallowing easier if the esophagus is narrowed. Patients should discuss with their care team how this procedure fits their personal treatment plan rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or a standard treatment.

Intramuscular (IM) means something located within or given into a muscle. In cancer care, it often refers to injections of medications directly into muscle tissue, such as Lupron Depot for prostate cancer. The term IM can also appear in other contexts, so it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation to avoid confusion.

An intramuscular injection (IM) is a shot given directly into a muscle. This method is used to deliver medications quickly into the bloodstream. In cancer care, some drugs like Lupron Depot for advanced prostate cancer are given this way. Intramuscular injections may cause mild pain or swelling and require proper technique to avoid complications. Always ask your care team how this applies to your treatment.

Intraocular means inside the eyeball. In cancer care, it often refers to intraocular melanoma, a rare cancer that starts in the eye’s middle layer called the uvea. This cancer can affect parts like the iris, ciliary body, or choroid. Signs may include blurred vision or a dark spot on the iris. Treatment and outlook depend on tumor size, location, spread, and other factors. Always ask your care team how this term relates to your situation.

Intraocular melanoma, also called uveal melanoma, is a rare cancer that starts in the middle layer of the eye called the uvea. This layer includes the iris (colored part), ciliary body, and choroid. It is the most common eye cancer in adults. Symptoms may include blurred vision or a dark spot on the iris, but it is sometimes found during routine eye exams. Treatment depends on tumor size, location, and whether it has spread.

Intraoperative Radiation Therapy (IORT) is a type of radiation treatment given directly to a tumor area during surgery. It delivers a focused dose of radiation right in the operating room, aiming to kill any remaining cancer cells while protecting nearby healthy tissue. IORT is often used alongside surgery, external radiation, and chemotherapy for certain cancers, including breast and locally advanced or recurrent tumors.

Intraoperative Ultrasound (IOUS) is a procedure where ultrasound images are taken and viewed during surgery. It helps surgeons locate tumors or other issues inside the body while the operation is happening. This tool supports the surgeon’s decisions but is not a treatment by itself. Patients may see this term in medical reports or discussions and should ask their care team how it applies to their specific situation.

Intrapelvic refers to the area inside the pelvis, the lower part of the abdomen between the hip bones. In cancer care, it often relates to lymph nodes or tissues within this space. Understanding the term in context is important, as it is not a diagnosis but a location that may be involved in treatment or surgery.

Intrapericardial chemotherapy is a treatment where anticancer drugs are injected directly into the pericardium, the thin sac around the heart. It is sometimes used to treat malignant pericardial effusion, a condition where cancer causes fluid to build up around the heart. This treatment is most often related to cancers such as lung, breast, melanoma, leukemia, and lymphoma. Patients should discuss with their care team how this treatment applies to their specific situation.

Intraperitoneal (IP) refers to the space inside the abdomen that holds many organs and is lined by a thin membrane called the peritoneum. In cancer care, intraperitoneal treatments like chemotherapy or radiation are delivered directly into this space to target cancers affecting the abdominal lining. Patients should ask their care team how this term applies to their specific situation.

Intraperitoneal chemotherapy, often called HIPEC or CHPP, is a cancer treatment given during surgery for certain abdominal cancers. It involves circulating a warm liquid with chemotherapy drugs inside the belly after removing visible tumors. The heat helps the drugs work better to kill any remaining cancer cells on the lining of the abdomen.

Intraperitoneal infusion is a way to deliver fluids or medicines directly into the abdominal cavity through a thin tube. This method is sometimes used in cancer care to target treatments inside the abdomen. The term may also appear as peritoneal infusion. It’s important to ask your care team how this applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it describes a diagnosis or treatment plan on its own.

Intraperitoneal Radiation Therapy is a treatment where a radioactive liquid is placed directly into the abdomen through a thin tube. This approach targets cancer cells in the space inside the abdomen, called the peritoneal cavity. Patients should ask their care team how this treatment applies to their specific situation, as the term describes a method of delivery rather than a diagnosis or a specific treatment plan.

Intrapleural refers to the space between the two thin layers of tissue (pleura) that surround each lung. This space normally contains a small amount of fluid to help the lungs move smoothly during breathing. In cancer care, the term often appears when discussing fluid buildup, treatments, or procedures involving this area. It’s important to understand how it applies to your specific situation by asking your care team.

Intraspinal means something located within the spine. In cancer care, it often refers to problems affecting the spinal cord or nerves inside the backbone. For patients, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask your care team what it means for your specific situation, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Intrathecal refers to a way of giving medicine directly into the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This method is often used in cancer care to deliver chemotherapy that helps prevent cancer from spreading to the central nervous system (CNS). Patients should discuss with their care team how intrathecal treatment fits into their overall plan and what side effects to expect.

Intrathecal chemotherapy is a treatment where cancer-fighting drugs are injected directly into the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This method helps prevent cancer from spreading to the central nervous system (CNS), especially in certain blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma. Patients should discuss with their care team how this treatment fits into their overall plan and what side effects to expect.

Intratumoral means something located within a tumor. In cancer care, this term often describes treatments or processes happening directly inside the tumor itself. For example, some therapies aim to activate immune cells inside the tumor to help fight cancer. If you see this word in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Intrauterine means inside the uterus, the small, hollow organ in a woman’s pelvis where a fetus grows during pregnancy. In cancer care, intrauterine devices (IUDs) are a type of birth control placed inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy. Birth control is important during cancer treatment because some therapies can harm a developing fetus or affect fertility. Your care team can help you choose the safest method for your situation.

An intrauterine device (IUD) is a small, T-shaped plastic device placed inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy. It works by stopping sperm from fertilizing an egg and preventing a fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus. IUDs are a common, long-lasting birth control method and are sometimes studied for other health uses, including cancer prevention.

Intravaginal means applying medicine or substances inside the vagina. This method is often used for treatments related to women’s health, such as hormone therapy, infections, or contraception. It can also be an alternative way to give medicine when swallowing pills is difficult. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific care, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Intravasation is the process where cancer cells pass through the walls of blood or lymph vessels and enter these systems. This movement helps cancer spread to other parts of the body. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it describes your diagnosis or treatment plan.

Intravenous, often called IV, means giving medicine, fluids, or nutrients directly into a vein through a needle or tube. This method helps deliver treatments quickly and is commonly used in cancer care for chemotherapy, hydration, or other medicines. It allows substances to enter the bloodstream fast, which can be important for effective treatment.

Intravenous chemotherapy is a cancer treatment where anticancer drugs are given through a needle or tube placed into a vein. These drugs travel through the bloodstream to reach and kill cancer cells throughout the body. This method allows the medicine to work systemically, treating cancer that may have spread beyond one area.

Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a treatment made from antibodies collected from healthy donors’ blood. It is given through a vein to help people with immune system problems, such as low antibody levels or certain autoimmune diseases. IVIG can affect the whole body and may cause side effects. A newer option, subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG), is given under the skin and often causes fewer side effects.

Intravenous infusion, often called infusion or IV infusion, is a way to deliver fluids, medicines, or nutrients directly into a vein. This method is commonly used in cancer care to give treatments like chemotherapy or adoptive cell therapy. It allows medicines to enter the bloodstream quickly and can be used for one-time doses or longer treatments.

An intravenous injection is a medical procedure where a needle is used to deliver fluids, medications, or nutrients directly into a vein. This method allows treatments to enter the bloodstream quickly and is commonly used in cancer care for therapies like chemotherapy or supportive medications. It requires trained healthcare professionals to perform safely.

An intravenous pyelogram (IVP), also called an intravenous urogram (IVU), is an X-ray test that uses a special dye injected into a vein to highlight the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. It helps doctors find problems like kidney stones, tumors, or an enlarged prostate. Because it uses X-rays, it involves some exposure to radiation, so it’s important to discuss its use and risks with your care team.

Intravenous pyelography (also called intravenous urography) is an x-ray test that uses a special dye injected into a vein to highlight the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and prostate (in men). It helps doctors find problems like kidney or bladder stones, cysts, tumors, or an enlarged prostate by showing blockages or other issues in the urinary tract on the x-ray images.

An intravenous urogram (also called intravenous pyelogram, IVP, or IVU) is an X-ray test that uses a special dye injected into a vein to highlight the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. It helps doctors find problems like kidney stones, tumors, or an enlarged prostate. Because it uses X-rays, it involves some exposure to radiation, so it’s important to discuss its use and risks with your care team.

Intravenous urography, also called intravenous pyelography, is an X-ray test that uses a special dye injected into a vein to highlight the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and prostate (in men). It helps doctors find problems like stones, cysts, tumors, or blockages in the urinary tract by making these organs visible on X-ray images.

Intraventricular infusion is a way to deliver medicine directly into a fluid-filled space inside the brain or heart. This method helps target treatments more precisely, especially in certain cancer care situations. It involves placing a small tube or catheter to allow the drug to flow into these cavities, which can improve how the medicine works in the body.

Intravesical means placing medicine directly inside the bladder, often through a thin tube called a catheter. This method is commonly used in bladder cancer treatment to deliver drugs like BCG or chemotherapy directly where they are needed. It helps reduce the chance of cancer returning after surgery. Patients may experience side effects such as bladder irritation or mild flu-like symptoms. Always ask your care team how intravesical treatment applies to your specific situation.

Intravesical BCG Therapy is a treatment for certain early-stage bladder cancers where a weakened bacterium called BCG is placed directly into the bladder through a thin tube. This helps the immune system attack cancer cells and lowers the chance of cancer returning after tumor removal. Patients may experience bladder irritation or mild flu-like symptoms during treatment.

Intravesical chemotherapy is a treatment where anticancer drugs are placed directly into the bladder through a thin tube. This method is often used to treat early-stage bladder cancer after tumors have been removed. It targets the bladder specifically, which may help reduce side effects compared to medicines taken by mouth or injection. Patients should ask their care team how this treatment applies to their individual situation.

Intravitreal chemotherapy is a treatment where anticancer drugs are injected directly into the vitreous humor, the gel-like fluid inside the eye. It is mainly used for retinoblastoma, a type of eye cancer, when the cancer has spread into this fluid and has returned or not improved after other treatments. Patients should discuss with their care team how this treatment fits their specific situation.

Intron A, also known as IFN Alpha-2B or interferon alfa-2b, is a lab-made medicine that helps the immune system fight certain cancers and infections. It is used to treat conditions like AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, hairy cell leukemia, some lymphomas, melanoma, genital warts, and chronic hepatitis B or C. Patients may see this name in treatment plans or medical reports and should ask their care team how it applies to their care.

Intrusive Thought, also called Interfering Thought, is an unwanted and upsetting memory or idea that keeps coming into a person’s mind. These thoughts can make it hard to focus, disrupt sleep, and interfere with daily activities. If you see this term in your cancer care materials, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for you personally, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Intubation is a medical procedure where a tube is inserted into the body, most often into the windpipe (trachea) to help a person breathe. It can also involve placing tubes into other hollow organs like the stomach. Intubation helps keep airways open, supports breathing, or allows delivery of medicines or nutrition. If you see this term, ask your care team how it applies to your situation.

Invasive breast cancer, also called infiltrating breast cancer, is cancer that has spread from the milk ducts or lobules into nearby breast tissue. It can grow beyond the breast and spread to lymph nodes or other parts of the body. Early detection through screening helps find invasive breast cancer when it is smaller and easier to treat. Understanding this term can help you follow your diagnosis and treatment plan.

Invasive cancer is cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tissue where it started and is growing into nearby healthy tissues. It is also called infiltrating cancer. This means the cancer cells have moved past their original location, which can make treatment more complex. Understanding this term can help you discuss your diagnosis and care with your healthcare team.

Invasive cervical cancer is cancer that has spread from the surface of the cervix into deeper tissues or other parts of the body. It often develops from untreated precancerous changes called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Early detection through screening and following your healthcare provider’s advice can help protect cervical health and reduce cancer risk.

Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), also called infiltrating ductal carcinoma, is the most common type of breast cancer. It starts in the lining of the milk ducts and then spreads into the surrounding breast tissue. IDC can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood or lymph system. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers discuss diagnosis and treatment clearly with their care team.

Invasive hydatidiform mole, also called chorioadenoma destruens, is a rare cancer that starts from abnormal pregnancy tissue growing into the muscular wall of the uterus. It can spread to nearby areas like the vagina and lungs. This condition develops after an egg is fertilized but instead of a normal pregnancy, abnormal tissue grows and invades deeply. Patients should discuss what this diagnosis means for their care with their doctor.

Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (also called Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma) is a type of breast cancer that starts in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows into nearby breast tissue. It can also spread through the blood and lymph systems to other parts of the body. If you see this term in your medical reports, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

An invasive procedure is a medical method that enters the body by cutting or puncturing the skin or inserting instruments. Minimally invasive procedures use smaller cuts, which can reduce pain, healing time, and infection risk. In cancer care, understanding what invasive means in context helps patients and caregivers ask the right questions about diagnosis and treatment options.

An inverted nipple, also called a retracted nipple, is when the nipple is pulled inward into the breast instead of pointing outward. This condition can be present from birth or develop later due to aging, breastfeeding, surgery, injury, infection, or certain breast conditions. There are different grades of inversion, with the most severe often needing surgery to correct. Both women and men can have inverted nipples.

An inverted papilloma is a type of tumor where surface cells grow inward into deeper tissues. It most often occurs in the nose or sinuses and can cause symptoms like nasal congestion. These tumors can sometimes come back after surgery and have a small chance of becoming cancerous. Diagnosis usually requires examining tissue under a microscope, and treatment often involves surgery.

Investigational (also called experimental) refers to drugs or treatments that have passed initial lab tests and are approved by the FDA to be tested in people but are not yet fully approved for general use. These treatments are often studied in clinical trials to learn if they are safe and effective. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a recommendation or diagnosis.

An investigational agent is a medicine tested in labs and approved by the FDA for testing in people but not yet approved for routine use. Also called experimental drug, investigational drug, or IND, these medicines are studied in clinical trials to learn if they are safe and effective for cancer treatment. Patients may hear this term when exploring new treatment options or clinical trials.

An investigational drug, also called an experimental drug or IND, is a medicine tested in the lab and approved by the FDA for use in people but not yet approved for general treatment. These drugs are usually available through clinical trials or special programs and represent new options researchers hope may improve cancer care. Patients should ask their care team how such a drug might apply to their treatment.

The investigational group, also called the experimental or intervention group, is the set of patients in a clinical study who receive the new treatment, drug, procedure, or other intervention being tested. This group helps researchers learn if the treatment is safe and effective. Seeing this term means the treatment is still being studied, not yet proven or standard care. Always ask your healthcare team what it means for your care.

An Investigational New Drug (IND), also called an experimental or investigational drug, is a medicine tested in labs and animals and approved by the FDA for testing in people. These drugs are still being studied for safety and effectiveness and are often available through clinical trials or special programs. They may be approved for one condition but considered experimental for others.

An investigator is a person involved in running a clinical trial or research study. This can include doctors, nurses, scientists, or other research staff who help plan, carry out, and monitor the study. The investigator promises to follow safety and ethical rules to protect patients during the trial. If you hear this term, ask your care team how it relates to your treatment or participation in a study.

Inviable means something that cannot survive or continue living. In cancer care, you might see this word used to describe cells, tissues, or other parts of the body that are no longer able to function or grow. It’s important to ask your care team what the term means for your specific situation, as its meaning depends on the context.

Involuntary means an action or response your body makes automatically, without you choosing or controlling it. In cancer care, this term often relates to the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which controls automatic body functions like heart rate, digestion, and sweating. Understanding involuntary actions helps patients and caregivers recognize symptoms and side effects related to cancer or its treatment.

The involuntary nervous system, also called the autonomic nervous system (ANS), controls automatic body functions like heart rate, digestion, breathing, and sweating. It works without you having to think about it. In cancer care, this system may be affected by cancer or treatments, which can cause symptoms related to these automatic functions.

Iobenguane I 123, also called 123I-MIBG or AdreView, is a special drug containing a small amount of radioactive iodine. It is used in imaging tests to help doctors find certain tumors, such as pheochromocytomas and neuroblastomas. The drug highlights cancer cells during scans, helping doctors see where tumors are located and how they respond to treatment.

Iobenguane I 131, also known as 131I-MIBG or Azedra, is a medicine that uses a radioactive form of iodine attached to a molecule called metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG). It targets certain rare tumors, such as malignant pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, in adults and children aged 12 and older. The drug delivers radiation directly to tumor cells to help control their growth or symptoms when surgery is not an option.

An Iobenguane Scan, also called a Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) Scan, is a special imaging test used to find certain nerve-related tumors like pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. It involves injecting a small amount of a radioactive substance that tumor cells absorb, allowing doctors to see the tumors with a scanner. This test helps guide diagnosis and treatment decisions.

Iodine is a mineral your body needs to make thyroid hormones, which control energy use and many body functions. It is found in foods like shellfish and iodized salt. Doctors use iodine in tests and treatments for thyroid problems and some cancers. Too much or too little iodine can affect thyroid health and pregnancy, so it’s important to manage iodine carefully under medical guidance.

Iodine I 123-Metaiodobenzylguanidine (also called 123I-MIBG, AdreView, or iobenguane I 123) is a special drug containing a small amount of radioactive iodine. It is used in imaging tests to help doctors find certain tumors, such as pheochromocytomas and neuroblastomas, by highlighting cancer cells during scans. It may also appear under related names such as 123I-MIBG, Adreview, And Iobenguane I 123.

Iodine I 131-Ethiodized Oil is a special type of poppy seed oil containing radioactive iodine. It is being studied as a treatment for liver cancer because it can build up in liver blood vessels and may help kill cancer cells. It is also known as Iodine I 131-Lipiodol. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific diagnosis or treatment plan.

Iodine I 131-Lipiodol, also called Iodine I 131-Ethiodized Oil, is a special form of poppy seed oil containing radioactive iodine. It is being studied as a treatment for liver cancer because it can build up in liver blood vessels and may help kill cancer cells. It may also be used to help doctors see tumors during imaging tests. Always ask your care team how it applies to your specific care.

Iodine I 131-Metaiodobenzylguanidine (also called 131I-MIBG or Azedra) is a targeted radiotherapy medicine used to treat rare nerve-related tumors like malignant pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma in adults and children aged 12 and older. It works by delivering radiation directly to tumor cells to help control their growth or symptoms when surgery is not an option.

Iodine I 131-monoclonal antibody BC8 is a type of treatment being studied for some leukemias and lymphomas. It combines a targeted antibody that attaches to certain white blood cells with a radioactive substance that may help kill cancer cells. Patients should discuss with their care team how this treatment might apply to their specific situation.

Iodine I 131-tositumomab is a drug made by attaching a radioactive substance called iodine I 131 to a monoclonal antibody named tositumomab. It is used together with another drug to treat certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer of the immune system. Patients should talk with their care team to understand how this treatment might apply to their specific situation.

Iodine-Supportive Diets are nutrition plans discussed in cancer care for supporting metabolism, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. They may be mentioned as part of nutrition support or alternative approaches. Patients should discuss any iodine-related diet changes with their care team to understand safety, benefits, and how it fits their individual treatment.

Iodized Oil, also known as Ethiodized Oil, Ethiodol, or Lipiodol, is a special iodine-containing oil made from poppy seeds. It is used in medical imaging to help highlight certain body parts like salivary glands, lymph vessels, and tumors. In cancer care, it may be injected to improve imaging or deliver treatment, especially for liver tumors. Always ask your care team how it applies to your situation.

Iododoxorubicin is a drug being studied for treating cancer and a rare condition called primary systemic amyloidosis, where abnormal proteins build up in organs. It belongs to a group of medicines called anthracycline antitumor antibiotics. If you see this term, it’s important to discuss with your care team how it might relate to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a treatment plan or diagnosis.

An ion is an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge, either positive or negative. Ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium are important for many body functions, including nerve signals and muscle movement. In cancer care, you might also hear about special radioactive tracers called [18F]SPA-RQ used in advanced imaging tests to help detect or monitor cancer, especially pancreatic cancer. These tracers attach to specific receptors on cells and are still being studied.

Ionizing radiation is a type of high-energy radiation that can damage cells and DNA. It comes from natural sources like radon gas and cosmic rays, as well as medical imaging tests such as x-rays and CT scans. Exposure to ionizing radiation can slightly increase the risk of certain cancers, including leukemia, thyroid, and breast cancer. It is important to balance medical benefits with potential risks and to discuss these with your healthcare provider.

Ionomycin is a substance that binds calcium ions and is used mainly in laboratory research to study how calcium moves inside cells. It is also an antibiotic produced by a type of bacteria. For patients, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask your care team how it relates to your care, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment.

Intraoperative Radiation Therapy (IORT) is a type of radiation treatment given directly to the tumor area during surgery. It delivers focused radiation right in the operating room to kill any remaining cancer cells while protecting nearby healthy tissue. IORT is often combined with surgery, external radiation, and chemotherapy for certain cancers, including breast and locally advanced or recurrent tumors.

IOUS, or intraoperative ultrasound, is a procedure that uses sound waves during surgery to create images of tissues inside the body. These images help surgeons locate tumors or other problems while operating. It is a tool used during surgery to guide treatment decisions and improve accuracy. It may also appear under related names such as Intraoperative Ultrasound.

IP stands for intraperitoneal, meaning within the peritoneal cavity—the space in the abdomen that holds organs like the stomach and intestines. In cancer care, IP may also refer to specialized imaging tests using substances like [18F]SPA-RQ, which are being studied to help detect or monitor cancer spread. Understanding the term in context can help avoid confusion when it appears in reports or discussions.

IP6, also called inositol hexaphosphate or phytic acid, is a natural substance found mainly in plant-based foods like grains, legumes, and nuts. It stores phosphorus and minerals in plants and is made inside animal cells. IP6 is being studied for cancer prevention but is not an approved treatment. It can affect how minerals like calcium, iron, and zinc are absorbed in the body. If you see this term, ask your healthcare team what it means for your care.

Ipilimumab (brand name Yervoy) is a cancer immunotherapy drug that helps the immune system attack cancer cells. It works by blocking a protein called CTLA-4, which normally slows down immune responses. Ipilimumab is used alone or with other medicines to treat several cancers, including melanoma, lung, kidney, liver, esophageal, and colorectal cancers. It may cause immune-related side effects and is often part of newer targeted treatment plans.

Ipsilateral means on the same side of the body as another part or structure. For example, if a tumor is described as ipsilateral to a lymph node, it means both are on the same side. This term helps doctors describe where things are located but is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself. Patients should ask their care team how it applies to their specific situation.

Iq’mik is a type of smokeless tobacco mainly used in Alaska. It is made by mixing cured tobacco leaves with ashes from a certain fungus and is chewed. Using iq’mik can cause nicotine addiction and increase the risk of mouth cancer and other health problems. Patients should discuss its meaning and impact with their care team rather than assuming it relates directly to diagnosis or treatment.

An IRB, or Institutional Review Board, is a special group that reviews and approves clinical research studies to protect the safety and rights of people who take part. Before a clinical trial begins, the IRB checks that the study is ethical, well designed, and minimizes risks to participants. IRBs are important in cancer care, where patients often consider joining trials to access new treatments.

Iressa, also known as gefitinib or ZD1839, is a medication used mainly to treat certain types of lung cancer that have spread and have specific changes in the EGFR gene. It works by blocking a protein that helps cancer cells grow. Iressa is often used as a first treatment option for patients with these gene changes and is being studied for other cancers as well.

Irinotecan hydrochloride, also known as Camptosar or CPT-11, is a chemotherapy drug mainly used to treat colorectal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It works by blocking an enzyme cancer cells need to grow and divide. It can be given alone or with other medicines, especially when cancer has returned or did not improve after earlier treatments.

Irinotecan sucrosofate, also known as Onivyde or PEP02, is a cancer drug used to treat adults with pancreatic cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is a special form of irinotecan contained inside tiny fat particles called liposomes. This form may work better and cause fewer side effects than other irinotecan forms. It works by blocking an enzyme cancer cells need to grow and repair.

The iris is the colored part of the eye that surrounds the pupil. It controls how much light enters the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil. While not a cancer term, doctors may mention the iris when discussing eye health or conditions that could affect cancer care. If you see this term in your medical records, ask your care team how it relates to your personal situation.

Irofulven, also called 6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene, is an experimental drug being studied to treat some types of cancer. It works by attaching to cancer cells’ DNA, which may help stop their growth. Irofulven is not yet a standard treatment but may be available through clinical trials. Patients should talk with their healthcare team to understand if it might be an option for them.

Iron is a mineral your body needs to make hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. It is found in foods like meat, beans, and fortified cereals. Low iron can cause anemia, leading to tiredness and weakness. Too much iron, such as in a condition called hemochromatosis, can harm organs and increase liver cancer risk. Talk with your care team about what iron means for your health.

Iron overload, also called hemochromatosis, is a condition where the body stores too much iron. This extra iron builds up in organs like the liver, heart, and pancreas, which can cause damage and increase the risk of liver disease and cancer. Symptoms may include tiredness, joint pain, abdominal pain, and yellowing of the skin. Iron overload can be inherited or caused by frequent blood transfusions.

Irradiated means treated with radiation, often using high-energy rays like X-rays or gamma rays. In cancer care, irradiation is commonly used to kill cancer cells or prepare blood products for transfusion. The term can appear in medical records or treatment plans, but its meaning depends on the specific context. Patients should ask their care team what irradiation means for their individual situation.

Irradiation, also called radiation therapy or radiotherapy, is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. It can be delivered from outside the body or placed inside near the cancer. This treatment may also be used to relieve symptoms caused by cancer. Different types of irradiation target specific areas, such as accelerated partial-breast irradiation, which focuses radiation only on the part of the breast affected by cancer.

An irreversible enzyme inhibitor is a substance that permanently blocks enzymes cancer cells need to grow. These inhibitors are being studied as possible cancer treatments. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it describes your diagnosis or treatment plan.

Irreversible toxicity means side effects caused by harmful substances or treatments that do not go away. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation, rather than assuming it applies the same way to everyone. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Irrigation, also called lavage, is a medical procedure that involves flushing an organ, body cavity, or wound with fluid. In cancer care, colostomy irrigation is used by some patients who have had surgery on the colon or rectum. It helps flush the colon through a stoma to manage bowel movements and improve comfort. Patients should talk with their healthcare team to see if irrigation is safe and suitable for them.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common condition affecting the large intestine. It causes symptoms like abdominal pain, cramping, bloating, and changes in bowel habits such as diarrhea, constipation, or both. IBS does not damage the intestines but can cause ongoing discomfort. It is also known as irritable colon, mucus colitis, or spastic colon. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms through diet, stress control, and sometimes medication.

Irritable Colon, also known as IBS, irritable bowel syndrome, mucus colitis, or spastic colon, is a common digestive condition causing abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits like diarrhea or constipation. It does not damage the intestines but can cause ongoing discomfort. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers discuss symptoms and care plans with their healthcare team.

Isaac Syndrome, also called Neuromyotonia, is a rare nerve disorder that causes constant muscle activity, including twitching, stiffness, and cramping. It usually affects people aged 15 to 60 and can involve muscles in the arms, legs, or the whole body. Symptoms may also include increased sweating, heart rate, and difficulties with chewing, swallowing, speech, or breathing. It may occur with some cancers or be inherited.

Isatuximab, also known by the brand name Sarclisa, is a targeted cancer treatment used mainly for multiple myeloma, a type of blood cancer. It is a monoclonal antibody that attaches to a protein called CD38 on cancer cells, helping the immune system attack them. Isatuximab is often given with other cancer drugs and is approved for adults with certain types of multiple myeloma.

Ischemia means a lack of blood supply to a part of the body, which can cause tissue damage due to reduced oxygen and nutrients. In cancer care, you might hear about cold ischemia, which happens when tissue or organs removed during surgery are cooled to protect them before testing or treatment. It’s important to understand ischemia in context and ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Ischemic necrosis, also called aseptic necrosis, avascular necrosis, or osteonecrosis, is a condition where bone tissue dies because it doesn’t get enough blood. It most often affects joints like the hips, knees, shoulders, and ankles. It can happen after certain cancer treatments, long-term steroid use, injuries, or other health problems. Knowing these names helps patients understand their diagnosis and discuss bone health with their care team.

Iseganan hydrochloride is a man-made substance that kills certain bacteria, fungi, and viruses by creating holes in their outer membranes, causing them to burst. It is being studied as a possible treatment for painful mouth sores (oral mucositis) caused by cancer treatments. Patients should discuss with their care team how this term relates to their own care rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

ISIS 2503 is a substance being studied as a possible treatment for cancer. It is not a diagnosis or a standard treatment but an experimental agent under investigation. Patients and caregivers should discuss with their healthcare team what ISIS 2503 means for their specific situation rather than assuming it applies broadly.

ISIS 3521 is a substance being studied as a possible treatment for cancer. It is an experimental drug that researchers are exploring to see if it can help fight cancer cells. While it is not yet a standard treatment, ISIS 3521 may appear in clinical trials or research studies focused on new cancer therapies.

ISIS 5132 is a substance being studied as a possible treatment for cancer. It is not a diagnosis or a standard treatment but an experimental agent under research. Patients and caregivers should discuss with their care team what ISIS 5132 means for their specific situation rather than assuming it applies broadly.

Islet cells, also called endocrine pancreas cells or islet of Langerhans cells, are hormone-producing cells in the pancreas. They help control blood sugar by releasing hormones like insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. In cancer care, tumors can develop from these cells, known as pancreatic neuroendocrine or islet cell tumors. Understanding this term helps patients discuss diagnosis and treatment with their care team.

Islet cell carcinoma, also called pancreatic endocrine cancer, is a rare type of cancer that starts in the hormone-producing cells (islet cells) of the pancreas. These cells help control blood sugar and digestion. Some tumors make extra hormones causing symptoms, while others do not but may cause problems as they grow or spread.

An islet cell tumor is a growth that forms in the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas called islet cells. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Some produce extra hormones causing symptoms, while others do not. Also known as pancreatic endocrine tumor or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, these tumors are less common than other pancreatic cancers and often have a better outlook.

Islet of Langerhans cells, also called islet cells or endocrine pancreas cells, are special hormone-producing cells in the pancreas. They release hormones like insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help control blood sugar levels. Some pancreatic tumors can start in these cells, known as pancreatic neuroendocrine or islet cell tumors, which are less common but often have a better outlook than other pancreatic cancers.

The isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 gene (IDH1) makes a protein that helps cells produce energy and protect themselves. Changes (mutations) in this gene have been found in some cancers, including certain leukemias, myelodysplastic syndromes, and brain tumors. These mutations can cause cells to grow abnormally. Some cancer treatments target the abnormal protein made by the mutated IDH1 gene.

The isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 gene, also called the IDH2 gene, makes a protein inside cell mitochondria that helps produce energy. Changes (mutations) in this gene have been found in some cancers, including acute myelogenous leukemia and certain brain tumors. Knowing about IDH2 mutations can help guide treatment options, including targeted drugs that block the abnormal protein made by the mutated gene.

Isoflavones are natural plant substances found mainly in soy and some legumes. They act like weak forms of estrogen and are being studied for their possible effects on hormone-related cancers such as breast and prostate cancer. While research is ongoing, isoflavones are not proven cancer treatments. Patients should discuss any use of soy products or supplements with their healthcare team to understand what is safe and appropriate for their situation.

Isointense is a term used in medical imaging to describe areas that have the same intensity or brightness as surrounding tissues on scans like MRI. It helps doctors compare different parts of the body but does not by itself indicate a diagnosis or treatment. Patients should ask their care team what it means in their specific test results or reports.

Isolated hepatic perfusion is a medical procedure that temporarily separates the liver’s blood flow from the rest of the body. This allows doctors to deliver high doses of cancer-fighting drugs directly to the liver, aiming to treat tumors there while limiting effects on the rest of the body. It involves placing catheters into the liver’s artery and vein to control blood flow during treatment.

Isolated Limb Infusion is a medical procedure that delivers high doses of chemotherapy directly to an arm or leg affected by cancer. By temporarily stopping blood flow with a tourniquet, the treatment targets tumors in the limb while limiting effects on the rest of the body. This approach is often used for certain skin cancers like melanoma that have spread locally but not throughout the body.

Isolated Limb Perfusion is a medical procedure used to deliver high doses of chemotherapy directly to an arm or leg affected by cancer. By temporarily stopping blood flow with a tourniquet, the treatment targets the limb without exposing the whole body to the drugs. This approach helps reduce side effects and focuses treatment on tumors in the limb, often used for certain melanomas and other localized cancers.

Isolated Lung Perfusion is a surgical procedure that allows doctors to deliver a higher dose of chemotherapy directly to tumors in the lungs. During this procedure, blood flow to the lungs is temporarily separated from the rest of the body to target the lung tumors more effectively. Patients should discuss with their care team how this procedure might apply to their specific situation.

Isolation means being separated from others, often to prevent the spread of disease. In cancer care, isolation can help protect patients with weakened immune systems from infections. It’s important to understand how isolation applies to your care and to ask your healthcare team about its role in your treatment and safety.

An isomer is a chemical compound that has the same number and types of atoms as another compound but with a different arrangement of those atoms. In cancer care, understanding isomers can help explain how certain drugs work or why similar drugs may act differently. If you see the term “isomer” in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Isosulfan blue is a special blue dye injected near a tumor to help doctors find the first lymph node that cancer might spread to. This dye travels through lymph fluid and stains nearby lymph nodes, making it easier to identify and test them for cancer cells. Patients should ask their care team how this dye is used in their specific care, rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

An isotope is a form of a chemical element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in its atoms. In cancer care, patients may hear about bone-seeking radioisotopes—special radioactive substances used to treat cancers that have spread to the bones. It’s important to understand the term in context and ask your care team how it applies to your specific situation.

Isotretinoin, also called 13-cis retinoic acid, is a medicine related to vitamin A. It is mainly known for treating severe acne but is also used in cancer care, especially for neuroblastoma, a type of cancer mostly affecting children. Doctors may use isotretinoin to help control cancer or reduce the chance it returns after other treatments. It is not a general cancer cure and is used carefully under medical supervision.

Ispinesib, also called SB-715992, is a drug being studied for cancer treatment. It works by blocking a protein that cancer cells need to divide and grow. This drug is still under research and is not a standard treatment. If you see this term in your medical information, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Issels Combination Therapy Diet is a nutrition approach linked to cancer care that focuses on supporting nutrition, metabolism, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. It is discussed in various contexts, including as supportive care or alternative treatment, but lacks strong evidence as a cancer cure. Patients should consult their healthcare team before making major diet changes during cancer treatment.

An isthmus is a narrow strip of land that connects two larger land areas, often surrounded by water. In the body, it refers to a narrow part connecting two larger structures. The term’s meaning depends on context, so if you see it in medical information, ask your care team how it applies to you.

Istodax, also known as romidepsin or FR901228, is a cancer medicine used to treat adults with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and other peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs). It works by blocking enzymes that cancer cells need to grow and divide. Istodax is given through a vein and is approved by the FDA for these uses. It may also be studied for other cancers.

Internal Tandem Duplication (ITD) is a genetic change where a small piece of DNA in a gene is copied and inserted right next to the original sequence. This mutation is often found in certain blood cancers, especially acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Testing for ITD helps doctors understand the cancer better and choose treatments that target this specific mutation.

Itovebi (inavolisib) is a targeted cancer drug used with palbociclib and fulvestrant to treat adults with certain advanced breast cancers. It works by blocking a protein called PI3K-alpha, especially in cancers with a PIK3CA gene mutation. This treatment is for hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer that has returned or spread after hormone therapy.

ITP, also called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura or immune thrombocytopenia, is a condition where the immune system mistakenly destroys platelets, the blood cells that help stop bleeding. This leads to a low platelet count, causing easy bruising, bleeding, and purple spots on the skin or mucous membranes. It’s important to discuss what ITP means for you with your care team, as the term alone doesn’t explain diagnosis or treatment.

Itraconazole is a medicine used to prevent or treat fungal infections. It belongs to a group of drugs called antifungal agents. It can be taken by mouth or given through a vein. Patients may see this term in their medical records or treatment plans when managing fungal infections, especially if other antifungal medicines are not suitable.

IU stands for International Unit, a measurement used to describe the activity of vitamins, hormones, enzymes, and drugs. For example, vitamin D recommendations are often given in IUs, such as 600 IU daily for most adults. IU helps standardize doses so doctors and patients understand how much of a substance is needed or given. Seeing IU in medical reports is common and usually relates to vitamin or medication amounts, not a cancer diagnosis itself.

An IUD (intrauterine device) is a small, T-shaped plastic device placed inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy. It works by stopping sperm from fertilizing an egg or preventing a fertilized egg from implanting. IUDs are a common, long-lasting birth control option and may be discussed during cancer care to help avoid pregnancy during treatment.

IV means intravenous, which is a way to give medicine or fluids directly into a vein using a needle or thin tube. In cancer care, treatments like chemotherapy or immunotherapy may be given by IV to help fight cancer or manage symptoms. Your healthcare team will explain how and why IV treatment is part of your plan.

Parenteral Nutrition (IV nutrition) is a way to provide nutrients directly into the bloodstream through a vein when a person cannot eat or absorb food normally. It is used during cancer treatment when eating by mouth or using the digestive system is not possible or enough to meet nutritional needs. This method helps keep the body strong and prevent malnutrition.

High-Dose Intravenous Vitamin C (IVC) is a way of giving vitamin C directly into the bloodstream through an IV, allowing much higher blood levels than oral supplements. It is sometimes used in cancer care to support nutrition, reduce inflammation, boost immune health, aid digestion, and help patients tolerate treatments. However, it is not an FDA-approved cancer treatment and is considered experimental or supportive rather than standard therapy.

Ivermectin is a medication originally used to treat parasitic infections. In cancer care, it may come up for various reasons, including claims about anticancer effects, supportive care, symptom relief, or immune support. It is not an approved cancer treatment. Patients should always discuss its use with their healthcare team to ensure safety and avoid interactions with cancer therapies or other health conditions.

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a medical procedure that helps people who have trouble getting pregnant. It involves collecting eggs from a woman’s ovaries and fertilizing them with sperm in a laboratory to create embryos. These embryos can then be placed in the uterus or frozen for future use. IVF is the most common type of assisted reproductive technology (ART), often discussed when fertility preservation is a concern, such as before cancer treatment.

Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a treatment made from antibodies collected from healthy donors’ blood. It is given through a vein to help people with immune system problems, such as low antibody levels or certain autoimmune diseases. IVIG can affect the whole body and may cause side effects. A newer option, subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG), is given under the skin and often causes fewer side effects.

Ivosidenib (brand name Tibsovo) is a targeted cancer drug used to treat adults with certain types of cancer that have a specific change (mutation) in the IDH1 gene. It works by blocking an abnormal protein made by this mutated gene, which may help slow cancer growth. It is approved for some cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), bile duct cancer, and myelodysplastic syndromes, and is being studied for other cancers.

An intravenous pyelogram (IVP), also called an intravenous urogram (IVU), is an X-ray test that uses a special dye injected into a vein to highlight the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. It helps doctors find problems like kidney stones, tumors, or an enlarged prostate. Because it uses X-rays, it involves some exposure to radiation, so it’s important to discuss its use and risks with your care team.

An IVU, also called an intravenous pyelogram (IVP) or intravenous urogram, is an X-ray test that uses a special dye injected into a vein to highlight the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. This helps doctors see blockages, stones, tumors, or other urinary tract problems. If you see IVU in your medical records, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Iwilfin, also known as eflornithine hydrochloride, is a medicine used to help reduce the chance that high-risk neuroblastoma will come back after initial treatment. It works by blocking an enzyme that cancer cells need to grow. It may appear under different names, so it’s important to ask your care team how it applies to your specific situation.

Ixabepilone, also known as BMS-247550 or by its brand name Ixempra, is a chemotherapy drug used to treat breast cancer that has spread or did not improve after other treatments. It works by stopping cancer cells from dividing and can be given alone or with another drug called capecitabine. It is given by injection and may be discussed when other chemotherapy options have not worked.

Ixazomib citrate, also known by the brand name Ninlaro, is a medicine used with lenalidomide and dexamethasone to treat multiple myeloma, a type of blood cancer. It is for patients who have already had at least one other treatment. Ixazomib citrate works by blocking enzymes called proteasomes, which may help stop cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It is taken by mouth as capsules.

Ixempra, also known as ixabepilone or BMS-247550, is a chemotherapy drug used to treat breast cancer that has spread or did not improve after other treatments. It works by stopping cancer cells from dividing and can be given alone or with another chemotherapy drug called capecitabine. Ixempra is given by injection and may be discussed when other chemotherapy options have not worked.