R Glossary Terms

R-CHOP is a combination chemotherapy treatment used mainly for certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. It includes five drugs: rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone. For older patients or those with heart problems, a lower-dose version called miniCHOP may be used to reduce side effects. R-CHOP may also be called the R-CHOP regimen in medical reports.

R-CHOP is a combination chemotherapy treatment used mainly for certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes five drugs: rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone. For older patients or those with heart problems, a lower-dose version called miniCHOP may be used to reduce side effects. R-CHOP may also be called the R-CHOP regimen in medical reports.

R-CVP is a chemotherapy treatment combining four drugs—rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, and prednisone—used mainly to treat slow-growing non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Patients may see the term R-CVP or R-CVP regimen in medical records or treatment plans. It’s important to ask your care team how this treatment applies to your specific situation rather than assuming what it means alone.

R-CVP is a chemotherapy treatment combining four drugs—rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, and prednisone—mainly used to treat slow-growing non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Patients may see the term R-CVP or R-CVP regimen in medical records or treatment plans. It’s important to ask your care team how this treatment applies to your specific situation rather than assuming what it means alone.

R-EPOCH (also called EPOCH-R or EPOCH-R Regimen) is a chemotherapy treatment used mainly for certain aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It combines six drugs, including rituximab, etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin. Sometimes doses are adjusted during treatment to balance effectiveness and side effects. Patients should ask their care team how this treatment applies to their individual situation.

R-EPOCH Regimen is a chemotherapy treatment mainly used for certain aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It combines six drugs, including rituximab, etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin. Sometimes doses are adjusted during treatment to balance effectiveness and side effects. Patients should talk with their care team to understand how this treatment applies to their individual situation.

R-Flurbiprofen is a drug studied mainly for Alzheimer's disease and cancer treatment. It belongs to a group called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) but works differently from typical NSAIDs. Clinical trials tested its effects on memory and daily function, but it did not show clear benefits. Patients should discuss with their care team how this drug might relate to their care.

R-ICE is a chemotherapy treatment combining four drugs—rituximab, ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide phosphate—mainly used to treat certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is often recommended when lymphoma has returned or not responded to other treatments. Patients should ask their care team how R-ICE applies to their specific situation and what to expect during treatment.

R-ICE is a chemotherapy treatment combining four drugs—rituximab, ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide phosphate—mainly used to treat certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is often recommended when lymphoma has returned or not responded to other treatments. Patients should ask their care team how R-ICE applies to their specific situation and what to expect during treatment.

R-Methuscf, also known as Ancestim or Stemgen, is a lab-made protein that helps blood stem cells grow and develop into different types of blood cells. It is being studied as a possible treatment for blood disorders like myelodysplasia. It supports the body’s natural blood cell production but is not a direct cancer treatment and is still under research.

R-Tpa, also known as Activase or Alteplase, is a medicine made in a laboratory that helps dissolve blood clots. It is used in emergencies like heart attacks, strokes, and lung clots. While not a cancer treatment, it may be used to manage blood clots that sometimes occur in people with cancer or during cancer treatment.

R101933 is a substance being studied to help cancer cells respond again to drugs they have become resistant to. It is part of a group called multidrug resistance inhibitors. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

R115777, also known as tipifarnib or Zarnestra, is a drug being studied for treating certain cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It belongs to a group of drugs called farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment discussions. It’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

R1507 is a laboratory-made antibody studied as a treatment for some cancers. It works by blocking a protein that cancer cells need to grow, potentially helping to stop or kill these cells. Patients should discuss with their care team how R1507 might relate to their specific situation rather than seeing the term alone as a treatment plan or diagnosis.

R788 Sodium, also known as fostamatinib disodium or Tavalisse, is a medicine used to treat adults with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), a condition where the immune system destroys blood platelets. It works by blocking an enzyme called Syk, helping to protect platelets and reduce bleeding risks. It is taken by mouth and is being studied for other diseases, including some cancers.

Rabies is a serious viral disease that affects the nervous system and is usually spread through bites from infected animals. Early symptoms include fever and headache, progressing to confusion and paralysis. If you might have been exposed, it’s important to talk with your healthcare provider about risk and treatment options, including vaccines and possible drug interactions. Rabies prevention and treatment plans should always be personalized by your care team.

Race is a way to describe groups of people who share physical traits like skin color and facial features, as well as social or cultural backgrounds. In cancer care, race can be important because some cancers occur more often in certain racial groups. Understanding race helps doctors consider risk factors and guide screening and prevention efforts.

Rachitis, also known as infantile rickets or juvenile rickets, is a condition in children where bones become soft and misshapen due to low levels of calcium and phosphorus. This usually happens because the body lacks enough vitamin D, which is needed to absorb these minerals. In adults, a similar condition is called osteomalacia. If you see this term, ask your healthcare team how it applies to your or your child’s health.

Racism means unfair treatment or advantages based on a person’s race or ethnic group. It affects where people live, learn, work, and play, including their access to health care. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand racism in context and ask the care team how it might affect an individual’s care, rather than seeing the word as a medical diagnosis or treatment advice.

Rad/P53, also known as ACN53, recombinant adenovirus-p53, or SCH-58500, is an experimental gene therapy studied for some cancers. It uses a weakened virus to deliver the p53 gene into tumor cells, which may help cause cancer cells to die. This therapy is not yet a standard treatment and is usually available only through clinical trials or research settings.

Everolimus, also known as RAD001, is a medicine used to treat certain cancers like breast, kidney, and neuroendocrine tumors. It can also treat some non-cancerous tumors and help prevent organ transplant rejection. Everolimus works by blocking a protein that helps tumors grow and form new blood vessels, slowing their growth. It is sold under brand names such as Afinitor, Afinitor Disperz, and Zortress.

A radial scar, also called a complex sclerosing lesion, is a noncancerous area of hardened breast tissue that looks like a scar under a microscope. These lesions usually cannot be felt and do not cause symptoms but may appear similar to breast cancer on mammograms. A biopsy is often needed to confirm the diagnosis and rule out cancer. While benign, radial scars may slightly increase breast cancer risk.

Radiation is a form of energy that travels as waves or particles. It is used in medicine to diagnose and treat cancer by targeting cancer cells. While radiation can help control or shrink tumors and relieve symptoms, it can also affect healthy cells and slightly increase cancer risk. Patients should discuss the benefits and risks of radiation-based tests or treatments with their care team.

Radiation brachytherapy, also called implant radiation therapy, is a type of cancer treatment where small radioactive materials are placed directly inside or next to a tumor. This internal radiation targets cancer cells closely while limiting exposure to nearby healthy tissues. It is often used for cancers such as prostate, cervical, breast, head and neck, and eye cancers.

Radiation cystitis is inflammation of the bladder lining caused by radiation therapy to the pelvic area. Symptoms may include pain or burning during urination, blood in the urine, frequent or urgent need to urinate, bladder spasms, and pelvic pain. Some symptoms improve after radiation ends, but others may last longer. It’s important to discuss what this means for you with your care team rather than relying on the term alone.

Radiation dermatitis is a common skin reaction that happens in most people receiving radiation therapy for cancer. It can cause redness, pain, itching, and blistering in the treated area. Sometimes, skin reactions may appear weeks after treatment or even years later as a reaction triggered by certain chemotherapy drugs. If you notice skin changes during or after radiation, talk with your care team about what it means for you.

Radiation enteritis is inflammation of the small intestine caused by radiation therapy to the abdomen, pelvis, or rectum. It can cause symptoms like nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. These symptoms may start during treatment or appear later and sometimes last a long time. If you hear this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Travel EMF / Radiation Exposure Remediation involves practical steps to reduce exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) and related radiation during travel. In cancer care, it may be discussed for symptom relief, supporting treatment tolerance, recovery, immune support, or quality of life. Patients interested in complementary approaches often explore this to feel more in control or reduce symptoms during or after cancer treatment.

Radiation fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue in body tissues caused by radiation therapy. It can lead to symptoms like shortness of breath, dry cough, fatigue, and muscle or joint pain. While it is not currently curable, treatments may help manage symptoms and slow progression. Patients should discuss with their care team how radiation fibrosis might affect their individual health and treatment plan.

Radiation necrosis is damage and death of healthy tissue caused by radiation therapy, often used to treat cancer. It can happen months or years after treatment and may cause symptoms like headaches, trouble moving, or difficulty concentrating. If you notice brain changes after radiation, your care team can help find out if it’s radiation necrosis or cancer returning and discuss ways to manage symptoms.

A radiation nurse is a healthcare professional who specializes in caring for people receiving radiation therapy for cancer. They support patients through treatment, help manage side effects, and provide education about the process. Radiation nurses work closely with doctors and other team members to ensure safe and effective care during radiation treatment.

A radiation oncologist is a doctor specially trained to use radiation to treat cancer. They work with a team to plan and deliver radiation therapy that targets tumors while protecting healthy tissues. If you hear this term, it means a cancer specialist is involved in your radiation treatment planning and care.

A radiation physicist is a specialist who works with the radiation oncologist to plan and deliver radiation treatment. They ensure the radiation machine gives the right dose to the exact area needing treatment, aiming to kill cancer cells effectively while protecting healthy tissue. Patients may see this term in their care discussions or reports and should ask their care team how it relates to their treatment.

Radiation poisoning, also called acute radiation syndrome or radiation sickness, is a serious illness caused by exposure to very high doses of radiation over a short time. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, weakness, fatigue, skin redness, itching, and hair loss. It usually appears soon after exposure and can be life-threatening. This condition is rare in cancer treatment, where radiation doses are carefully controlled.

Radiation recall is an inflammatory skin reaction that can happen weeks, months, or even years after radiation therapy, triggered by certain chemotherapy drugs. It usually affects the skin in the area that was previously treated with radiation, causing redness, swelling, pain, and sometimes blistering. If you notice skin changes after treatment, talk with your care team to understand what it means for you.

Radiation sickness, also called acute radiation syndrome or radiation poisoning, is a serious illness caused by exposure to a large amount of radiation in a short time. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, weakness, fatigue, skin redness, and hair loss. It usually appears soon after exposure and can be life-threatening in severe cases. This condition is different from the side effects of typical cancer radiation treatments.

Radiation Sickness Syndrome, also called acute radiation sickness or radiation poisoning, is a serious illness caused by exposure to very high doses of radiation over a short time. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, weakness, fatigue, skin redness, itching, and hair loss. It usually appears soon after exposure and can be life-threatening in severe cases. This condition is rare in cancer treatment, where radiation doses are carefully controlled.

Radiation Surgery, also called radiosurgery or stereotactic radiosurgery, is a precise type of radiation treatment that delivers a single, high dose of radiation to a tumor. It uses special equipment to carefully target the area, often treating brain tumors or other brain conditions that cannot be removed by regular surgery. This treatment may also be studied for other cancers. Patients should ask their care team how this term applies to their specific situation.

A radiation therapist is a trained health professional who plans and delivers radiation treatments to cancer patients. They work closely with doctors and other specialists to ensure radiation targets the tumor safely and effectively. In some places, they may also prescribe medications and manage follow-up care during treatment. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy or irradiation) is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. It can shrink tumors and may be given from outside the body or by placing radioactive material inside the body near cancer cells. Radiation therapy is used to treat many types of cancer and sometimes to relieve symptoms caused by cancer.

Radical cervicectomy, also called radical trachelectomy, is surgery that removes the cervix, nearby tissues, and the upper part of the vagina but leaves the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries intact. It is often used to treat early-stage cervical cancer in people who want to preserve their ability to become pregnant in the future. This surgery may also include removal of pelvic lymph nodes to check for cancer spread.

Radical cystectomy is surgery to remove the entire bladder and nearby tissues or organs affected by bladder cancer. It is often used for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Because this surgery can affect nearby reproductive organs, it may impact fertility. Patients should talk with their care team about what this surgery means for their individual situation and treatment plan.

A radical hysterectomy is surgery to remove the uterus, cervix, nearby tissues on both sides of the cervix, and the upper part of the vagina. It may also include removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, and lymph nodes. This surgery is often used to treat certain cancers of the uterus or cervix. It is more extensive than a simple hysterectomy and usually requires a larger abdominal incision.

Radical laparoscopic prostatectomy is a surgery to remove the entire prostate gland using several small cuts in the lower belly. A thin camera and special tools help the surgeon work through these small openings. This approach aims to reduce recovery time and protect important nerves. It is one option among many for treating prostate cancer, depending on individual health and cancer details.

Radical local excision is a type of surgery that removes a tumor along with a large amount of healthy tissue around it. Sometimes, nearby lymph nodes may also be taken out. This approach aims to ensure the tumor is fully removed. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a particular treatment or outcome.

Radical lymph node dissection is a surgery that removes most or all lymph nodes near a tumor. It helps doctors check if cancer has spread beyond the original tumor. This procedure is often part of cancer treatment and diagnosis, especially in cancers like breast, head and neck, stomach, and rectal cancer. Patients should ask their care team how this surgery applies to their specific situation.

Radical mastectomy, also called Halsted radical mastectomy, is a surgery that removes the entire breast, lymph nodes under the arm, and chest wall muscles beneath the breast. It was once the most common surgery for breast cancer but is now rarely used, usually only if cancer has spread deeply into chest muscles. Patients should ask their care team how this term applies to their individual situation.

Radical nephrectomy is surgery to remove an entire kidney along with nearby tissues such as the adrenal gland and lymph nodes. It is often used to treat large kidney tumors or cancer that has spread to surrounding areas. This surgery is more extensive than removing just part of the kidney and may affect kidney function. Patients should discuss with their care team how this surgery applies to their specific situation.

Radical perineal prostatectomy is a surgery to remove the entire prostate gland through a cut made in the perineum, the area between the scrotum and anus. It is used mainly to treat early prostate cancer. This approach may offer faster recovery and less blood loss but is less common than other surgical methods. Patients should discuss with their care team how this surgery fits their individual treatment plan.

Radical prostatectomy is surgery to remove the entire prostate gland and some nearby tissues, including seminal vesicles. It is a common treatment for prostate cancer. The surgery can be done through an open incision or with minimally invasive tools like laparoscopy or robotic assistance. Nerve-sparing techniques may be used to help preserve urinary and sexual function. Talk with your care team about what this surgery means for your specific situation.

Radical retropubic prostatectomy is a surgery to remove the entire prostate gland and some nearby tissues through an incision in the lower abdomen, behind the pubic bone. It is often used to treat prostate cancer. The surgery aims to protect important nerves that control bladder function and erections. Treatment choices depend on many factors, so it’s important to discuss what this surgery means for you with your care team.

Radical trachelectomy, also called radical cervicectomy, is surgery that removes the cervix, nearby tissues, and the upper part of the vagina while keeping the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries intact. It is often used to treat early-stage cervical cancer in people who want to preserve their ability to become pregnant in the future. Sometimes, pelvic lymph nodes are also removed during this surgery to check for cancer spread.

Radical vulvectomy is surgery to remove the entire vulva, the external female genital organs. A modified or partial radical vulvectomy removes most—but not all—of the vulva, targeting cancer and some nearby healthy tissue. Sometimes lymph nodes in the groin are also removed to check for cancer spread. This surgery aims to treat vulvar cancer while preserving as much normal tissue and function as possible.

Radio waves are a type of energy wave used in medicine to create detailed images inside the body, such as in MRI scans. They are also being studied as a way to treat cancer by sending radio waves through needles into tumors to help kill cancer cells. If you hear the term "radio wave" in your care, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your specific situation.

Radioactive means giving off radiation, a type of energy that can be natural or man-made. In medicine, radioactive substances are used in tests and treatments, such as imaging the thyroid or treating certain cancers. While helpful, radiation exposure can carry risks, so doctors carefully weigh benefits and safety when using radioactive materials.

A radioactive drug, also called a radiopharmaceutical, is a medicine that contains a small amount of radioactive material. It is used to help find or treat diseases like cancer by targeting specific cells. These drugs can highlight tumors during scans or deliver radiation directly to cancer cells, aiming to kill them while sparing healthy tissue. Understanding the exact use of a radioactive drug in your care is important, so always ask your healthcare team for details.

Radioactive fallout is radioactive material that falls to the ground after a nuclear explosion, weapons test, or nuclear accident. It can spread over large areas and increase exposure to radiation, which may raise the risk of cancer over time. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand how this term applies to individual health situations rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment.

Radioactive glucose is a special form of sugar used in PET scans, a type of imaging test. It helps doctors see where cells in the body are more active, such as cancer cells, which absorb more sugar. This test can help find cancer and check how it is behaving. If you see this term, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment.

Radioactive iodine is a form of iodine that gives off radiation. It is used in medicine to help find and treat certain thyroid problems and some types of cancer. It can be taken by mouth or given in other ways. It helps doctors see thyroid cells or tumors and can also be used to destroy thyroid cancer cells or overactive thyroid tissue.

Radioactive palladium is a form of the metal palladium that gives off radiation. In prostate cancer treatment, tiny radioactive seeds containing palladium are placed inside the prostate to kill cancer cells. Patients should discuss with their care team how this treatment applies to their situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or a standalone treatment choice.

A radioactive seed is a tiny pellet containing radiation placed directly into or near a tumor as part of low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy. This internal radiation treatment targets cancer cells closely, often used in prostate cancer, and may remain in the body permanently or temporarily. Patients should discuss with their care team how this applies to their specific treatment plan.

Radioembolization, also called intra-arterial brachytherapy, is a targeted internal radiation treatment mainly used for liver cancer or cancers that have spread to the liver. Tiny radioactive beads containing yttrium Y-90 are injected through a thin tube into the artery supplying the liver. These beads deliver radiation directly to the tumor, helping to kill cancer cells while protecting healthy liver tissue. Patients should ask their care team how this treatment applies to their specific situation.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a medical procedure that uses heat from radio waves to destroy abnormal tissue, such as tumors. It is a minimally invasive treatment option that can help control or reduce tumors without surgery. RFA may be used during diagnosis, treatment planning, or follow-up care for cancers like liver, pancreatic, or bile duct tumors. Patients should ask their care team how RFA applies to their specific situation.

Radiofrequency radiation is a type of low-energy, non-ionizing radiation commonly emitted by cell phones, radios, televisions, and wireless devices. It is part of the electromagnetic spectrum and does not have enough energy to damage DNA directly. While concerns exist about its health effects, including cancer risk, current research has not found clear evidence that typical exposure causes cancer in people.

Radiography, also called X-ray imaging, is a medical test that uses X-rays to create pictures of the inside of the body. It helps doctors see bones, organs, and tissues to diagnose diseases and plan treatments. Radiography is commonly used in cancer care to check for tumors or changes in organs and guide care decisions.

Radioimaging, also called a nuclear medicine scan, is a medical test that uses small amounts of radioactive substances to create pictures of the inside of your body. These substances attach to specific cells, including cancer cells, helping doctors find tumors, check if cancer has spread, or see how well treatment is working. The test is usually safe and painless.

A radioimmunoconjugate is a special medicine that combines a radioactive substance with an immune system protein called a monoclonal antibody. This combination helps deliver radiation directly to cancer cells, aiming to kill them while sparing healthy cells. Radioimmunoconjugates can also be used in scans to find cancer cells in the body. They are mainly used in certain blood cancers and are being studied for other tumors.

Radioimmunodiagnostics is a medical test that uses special antibodies tagged with a small amount of radioactive material to find and image cancer cells or other substances in the body. It helps doctors see where disease might be located. If you hear this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Radioimmunoguided surgery is a procedure that uses small amounts of radioactive substances to help doctors find tumors during surgery. This technique aims to guide the surgeon to remove cancer more precisely. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a treatment or diagnosis by itself.

Radioimmunotherapeutics are treatments that use special antibodies linked to radioactive substances to find and help kill cancer cells. These treatments combine targeted therapy with radiation. If you see this term, it’s important to talk with your care team about what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or a treatment plan on its own.

Radioimmunotherapy is a cancer treatment that combines a lab-made antibody with a small amount of radiation. The antibody targets specific proteins on cancer cells, delivering radiation directly to them to help kill the cancer while aiming to reduce harm to healthy tissue. It is used mainly for certain types of lymphoma and is sometimes combined with other antibody therapies.

A radioisotope, also called a radionuclide, is a form of a chemical element that gives off radiation as it breaks down. In cancer care, bone-seeking radioisotopes are special radioactive medicines injected into a vein to target cancer that has spread to the bones. They release low-level radiation to help control bone tumors while limiting exposure to other parts of the body.

Radiolabeled substances are special compounds attached to tiny amounts of radioactive material. They are used in advanced imaging tests, like PET scans, to help doctors see how disease is behaving inside the body. These substances highlight specific cells or proteins, aiding diagnosis and treatment planning. If you hear this term, ask your care team how it applies to your situation, as it is a tool, not a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

A radiologic exam is a medical test that uses imaging methods, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI, or ultrasound, to look inside the body. These exams help doctors find signs of cancer or other health problems. A trained professional called a radiologic technologist performs the exam, and a radiologist reviews the images to help guide diagnosis and treatment decisions.

A radiologist is a medical doctor specially trained to create and interpret images of the inside of the body using x-rays, CT scans, MRI, ultrasound, and other imaging methods. They help diagnose diseases, guide treatments, and monitor health conditions, including cancer. Radiologists also perform certain minimally invasive procedures using imaging for guidance.

Radiology uses imaging tests like X-rays, ultrasound, or MRI to help doctors see inside the body. These tests assist in diagnosing diseases, including cancer, and guiding treatment. If you hear about radiology in your care, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your diagnosis and treatment plan, since the term alone is not a diagnosis or treatment.

A radiology report is a detailed summary of the results from an imaging test, such as an X-ray, MRI, or CT scan. It explains what type of test was done, how it was done, and what the images show. This report helps doctors understand your health and guide diagnosis or treatment. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Radionics, also called the Abrams Method, refers to two very different ideas. The Abrams Method is a medical biopsy technique used to take small tissue samples from the lining of the lungs to help diagnose cancer or other diseases. Radionics as an alternative medicine claims to diagnose and treat illness using electromagnetic energy but is not supported by scientific evidence. Patients should discuss any interest in these approaches with their cancer care team.

Radionics / Abrams Method refers to two very different ideas. The Abrams Method is a medical biopsy technique that uses a needle to collect tissue from the lining around the lungs to help diagnose cancer or other diseases. Radionics as an alternative medicine claims to diagnose or treat illness using electromagnetic energy but lacks scientific support. Patients should discuss any interest in these approaches with their cancer care team.

A radionuclide, also called a radioisotope, is an unstable form of a chemical element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radionuclides occur naturally or can be made in labs. In cancer care, they are used in imaging tests and treatments, such as targeted therapies that deliver radiation directly to cancer cells. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers discuss diagnosis and treatment options with their care team.

Radionuclide scanning, also called scintigraphy, is a medical imaging test that uses a small amount of radioactive material to create pictures of the inside of the body. It helps doctors find and monitor diseases, including cancer. The radioactive substance travels to specific organs, and a special camera detects its radiation to form images. Patients should ask their care team how this test relates to their own health.

Radiopharmaceuticals, also called radioactive drugs, are medicines that contain small amounts of radioactive material. They are used in cancer care to help find tumors, check if cancer has spread, or deliver targeted radiation to treat certain cancers. These drugs work by traveling to specific cells in the body, allowing doctors to see or treat disease more precisely. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your care.

Radioprotective agents are medicines given during cancer treatments like radiation or chemotherapy to help protect healthy tissues from side effects. One example is amifostine (brand name Ethyol), which can reduce kidney damage from certain chemotherapy drugs and lessen dry mouth caused by radiation therapy. These drugs aim to make cancer treatment safer and easier to tolerate without affecting how well the treatment fights cancer.

Radiosensitization is the use of a drug or treatment that makes cancer cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. This can help radiation work better to damage tumor cells. Radiosensitization is sometimes part of cancer treatment plans to improve the effectiveness of radiation. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

A radiosensitizer is a substance that may help radiation therapy work better by making cancer cells more sensitive to radiation. Some radiosensitizers, like carbogen gas or aminobenzoic acid (PABA), are being studied to improve treatment effects. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific treatment, as radiosensitizers are not standard for all patients.

A radiosensitizing agent is a substance that may help radiation therapy work better by making cancer cells more sensitive to radiation. Some of these agents, like carbogen, efaproxiral, cytochlor, and niacinamide, are being studied but are not yet standard treatments. If you see this term in your care, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your specific treatment plan.

Radiosurgery is a precise type of radiation therapy that delivers a single, high dose of radiation to a tumor, often in the brain. It uses special equipment to target the tumor accurately without traditional surgery. Also called stereotactic radiosurgery or radiation surgery, it is used when regular surgery is not an option and is being studied for other cancers.

Radiotherapy, also called radiation therapy or irradiation, is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. It can be delivered from outside the body or placed inside near the tumor. Radiotherapy may be used alone or with other treatments to cure cancer, slow its growth, or relieve symptoms.

Radium Ra 223-Dichloride, also known as Xofigo, is a radioactive drug used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to the bones and no longer responds to treatments that lower testosterone. It helps target bone metastases causing symptoms, but it is not used if cancer has spread to other organs. This treatment is being studied for other cancers as well.

Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that comes from soil and rock. It can enter homes through cracks and collect indoors. Breathing in high levels of radon can damage lung cells and increase the risk of lung cancer. Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States, especially when combined with smoking. Testing your home for radon is the only way to know if levels are high.

Raftilose Synergy 1, also called oligofructose-enriched inulin, is a natural fiber made from parts of plants like chicory root, wheat, bananas, onion, and garlic. It helps healthy bacteria grow in the intestines and supports the body’s absorption of calcium and magnesium. It is being studied for its potential to improve digestive and bone health and may be mentioned in cancer-related care, especially for colon health.

The Rainbow Plant Diversity Diet is a nutrition approach discussed in cancer care for supporting nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. It is sometimes mentioned as part of supportive care or alternative cancer treatment claims. Patients should review this diet with their healthcare team to ensure safety and fit with their cancer treatment plan.

Raloxifene hydrochloride, also known by the brand name Evista, is a medication used to lower the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women at high risk. It is also approved to prevent and treat osteoporosis by helping keep bones strong. Raloxifene works by blocking estrogen’s effects in breast tissue, which may help prevent cancer cell growth, while supporting bone health.

Raltitrexed, also known as ICI D1694, is a cancer drug that works by blocking tumor cells from making DNA, which helps stop their growth. It belongs to a group of medicines called thymidylate synthase inhibitors. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment discussions. It’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment plan on its own.

Ramucirumab, also known as Cyramza, is a targeted cancer drug that blocks a protein called VEGFR-2. By doing this, it helps stop tumors from growing new blood vessels they need to survive and grow. It is used alone or with other treatments for certain lung, liver, colorectal, and stomach cancers.

Randomization is a process used in medical research, especially clinical trials, where participants are assigned by chance to different treatment groups. This helps ensure that the groups are similar and that the effects of treatments can be compared fairly. Patients should ask their care team how randomization applies to their specific situation rather than assuming it means a particular diagnosis or treatment.

A randomized clinical trial is a research study where people are randomly assigned to different treatment groups to fairly compare the effects of those treatments. This method helps doctors learn which treatments might work best, especially when it’s not yet known which option is better. Randomized clinical trials are important in cancer care to test new therapies and improve patient outcomes.

Ranpirnase, also known as Onconase, is an enzyme originally found in the eggs of the Northern Leopard Frog. It is being studied as a possible treatment for cancer and viral infections because it can break down certain RNA molecules inside cells, potentially slowing or stopping cancer cell growth. Ranpirnase is not a standard treatment and is still under research. Patients should ask their care team how it relates to their individual care.

Rapamune, also known as sirolimus, is a medicine used to prevent organ rejection after kidney transplants and to treat certain rare diseases, including a rare lung condition called lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and a rare type of tumor called PEComa. It works by suppressing the immune system and slowing cell growth. Rapamune may also be used in other forms to treat skin growths linked to tuberous sclerosis complex.

Rapamycin, also called sirolimus, is a drug that helps prevent organ transplant rejection and treats certain rare diseases. It works by blocking a protein called mTOR, which controls cell growth and division. In some cancers, mTOR is more active, so rapamycin and similar drugs may help slow cancer growth. Patients should ask their care team how rapamycin relates to their specific treatment and what to expect.

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep is a stage of sleep when your eyes move quickly under closed eyelids. It usually happens several times during a normal night’s sleep and is when most dreaming occurs. REM sleep is important for memory and learning and is part of the natural sleep cycle that helps your brain and body rest and recover.

Rapid hormone cycling is a treatment approach being studied for prostate cancer. It involves alternating drugs that block male hormone production with male hormones or drugs that encourage male hormone production. This method aims to affect cancer growth by changing hormone levels over time. Patients should discuss with their care team how this approach might apply to their specific situation.

A rapid-onset opioid is a type of opioid medication that acts quickly to relieve moderate to severe pain. Naloxone is a medicine used to reverse opioid overdoses, but giving naloxone to someone who uses opioids can cause sudden withdrawal symptoms. Patients and caregivers should understand this term in context and ask their healthcare team how it applies to their situation.

The RARA gene, also called the retinoic acid receptor alpha gene, helps control how certain white blood cells mature. Changes in this gene, especially when it joins with the PML gene, can cause a fast-growing blood cancer called acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Symptoms often include easy bruising or bleeding. Testing for changes in the RARA gene helps doctors diagnose and treat APL.

Rare cancers are types of cancer that occur in fewer than 15 out of 100,000 people each year. They can be harder to diagnose and treat because they are uncommon. Examples include cancers of the adrenal glands, urethra, or certain glands producing saliva or mucus. Understanding rare cancers helps patients and caregivers ask informed questions and better follow their care plans.

A rare disease, also called a rare disorder, is a health condition that affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United States. Many rare diseases are caused by changes in genes and can be hard to diagnose and treat. In cancer care, some rare diseases may increase the risk of certain tumors or affect treatment decisions. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers recognize its importance in medical reports and genetic testing.

A rare disorder, also called a rare disease, affects fewer than 200,000 people in the U.S. These conditions often have genetic causes and can be harder to diagnose and treat than common diseases. Examples include inherited disorders like dyskeratosis congenita and blood conditions such as 5Q- Syndrome. Understanding rare disorders helps patients and caregivers better follow medical reports and treatment plans.

The RAS gene family includes genes that make proteins helping cells grow and die properly. Changes in these genes can sometimes lead to cancer by causing cells to grow uncontrollably. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Ras peptide is a small piece of a protein made by the ras gene, which can be involved in cancer when mutated. In the 1990s, researchers tested vaccines using ras peptides to help the immune system recognize and fight cancer cells, especially in pancreatic cancer. Patients and caregivers should discuss with their care team how ras peptide relates to their specific situation rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Rasburicase, also known as Elitek or recombinant urate oxidase, is a medicine used to lower high uric acid levels in the blood. It is often given to adults and children with certain cancers like leukemia or lymphoma, especially when cancer treatment may cause rapid tumor cell breakdown. Rasburicase helps prevent and treat tumor lysis syndrome by breaking down uric acid to protect the kidneys.

A rash is an area of skin that looks or feels different from normal. It may be red, bumpy, itchy, dry, swollen, or painful. In cancer care, rashes can happen as side effects of certain treatments, especially targeted drugs. If you notice a rash during treatment, it’s important to tell your care team so they can help manage symptoms and decide if any treatment changes are needed.

RASopathy syndromes are rare genetic conditions caused by changes in genes that affect cell growth and development. These syndromes often cause distinctive facial features, heart and skin problems, and developmental delays. Having a RASopathy may increase the risk of certain cancers. Patients should discuss with their care team what this means for their individual health.

Rattlesnake root, also known as black cohosh, black snakeroot, bugbane, and bugwort, is a plant native to eastern and midwestern North America. Extracts from its root have traditionally been used to ease menopausal symptoms like hot flashes. It is sometimes used by women undergoing cancer treatment to help manage these symptoms but is not approved by the FDA to treat cancer or other medical conditions.

Rauschpfeffer, also known as Intoxicating Pepper, Kava Kava, Tonga, and Yangona, is an herb native to South Pacific islands. Traditionally, its root has been used to help relieve stress, anxiety, tension, sleeplessness, and menopause symptoms. It can interact with alcohol and some medicines, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration warns it may cause serious liver damage. Always talk with your care team about its use.

Rauwolfia vomitoria is a plant native to parts of Africa, traditionally used in herbal medicine. It is known for containing compounds that have been studied in laboratory settings for possible effects on cancer cells. Extracts from this plant are part of the Beljanski Protocol, an alternative approach promoted in some integrative cancer circles. However, there is limited clinical evidence supporting its safety or effectiveness for cancer treatment in humans.

Rauwolfia Vomitoria is a plant extract used in some alternative cancer care approaches, especially within the Beljanski Protocol. It is described as enriched with alstonine and free of reserpine. While laboratory studies have explored its effects, there is limited scientific evidence supporting its safety or effectiveness for cancer treatment in people. Patients should discuss any interest in this extract with their healthcare team.

RAV12 is a laboratory-made monoclonal antibody being studied as a possible treatment for certain cancers. It works by attaching to a specific sugar molecule found on some cancer cells, including those in the stomach, colon, pancreas, prostate, ovary, breast, and kidney. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Ravuconazole is a type of antifungal medicine that was being studied to treat fungal infections. It belongs to a group of drugs called triazole antifungals. Development of ravuconazole stopped in 2007. If you see this term, it’s important to talk with your healthcare team about what it means for your care, rather than assuming it is a treatment option or diagnosis by itself.

Ravulizumab, also known as Ultomiris, is a medicine made from antibodies that helps treat rare blood disorders like paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). It works by blocking part of the immune system that can damage red blood cells and cause blood clots. It is approved for use in adults and children as young as one month old.

The Raw Food Cancer Diet is a nutrition approach discussed in cancer care for its potential effects on nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. It is sometimes considered as supportive care or an alternative approach. Patients should discuss this diet with their healthcare team to ensure safety and appropriateness alongside their cancer treatment.

Raw Vegan / Plant-Based Diets focus on eating mostly or only uncooked plant foods like fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and sprouts. These diets are discussed in cancer care for their effects on nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. While some plant-based diets may support heart health, patients should consult their care team before making major diet changes during cancer treatment.

Raw Vegan and Plant-Based Diets focus on eating mostly or only plant foods like fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, and seeds, often avoiding animal products. These diets are discussed in cancer care for their effects on nutrition, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. Patients should talk with their care team before making major diet changes during cancer treatment.

A Raw Vegan Diet is a way of eating that focuses on uncooked, unprocessed plant foods like fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and sprouts. It is sometimes discussed in cancer care for its potential effects on nutrition, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and how well patients tolerate treatments. Because it can lack some important nutrients, patients should talk with their healthcare team before making major diet changes during cancer treatment.

Red blood cells (RBCs), also called erythrocytes, are cells made in the bone marrow that carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. In cancer care, RBC counts are checked through blood tests to monitor health and detect anemia, which can cause fatigue and other symptoms. RBC may appear under different names like erythrocyte or red blood cell in medical reports, so it’s helpful to ask your care team what your results mean for you.

In medicine, to reactivate means to make a disease or infection active again after a period without symptoms. In cancer care, this often refers to viruses like chickenpox or cytomegalovirus (CMV) that can come back when the immune system is weakened by treatments such as chemotherapy. Patients should ask their care team how reactivation might affect their health and treatment plan.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), also called oxygen radicals, are unstable oxygen-containing molecules that can react easily with other parts of cells. When too many ROS build up, they can damage important cell parts like DNA, proteins, and cell membranes. This damage may lead to cell death and has been linked to cancer and other health issues. The body uses antioxidants to help protect cells from ROS damage.

A reagent is a substance used in laboratory tests to detect or measure other substances. In cancer care, special reagents called affinity reagents help doctors study tissue samples by attaching to specific molecules, such as proteins or DNA. This helps provide detailed information about cancer cells. Seeing the word reagent in your medical information means a test was done, not a diagnosis or treatment itself. Always ask your care team what it means for your situation.

Reason or Purpose to Live refers to a personal sense of meaning or motivation that can influence how people cope with cancer. It may be mentioned in cancer care discussions or supportive therapies as a factor that helps patients manage stress, side effects, and emotional challenges. Understanding this concept can support emotional well-being alongside medical treatment.

Reason or Purpose to Live refers to the personal motivations and meaningful goals that help someone cope with serious illness like cancer. Having a strong reason to keep living can support emotional well-being, resilience, and quality of life. This term may appear in medical notes or care discussions and is important to understand in the context of each person’s experience.

Rebeccamycin is a substance studied as a possible cancer treatment. It belongs to a group of drugs called antineoplastic antibiotics and works by interfering with cancer cell growth. It has been tested in clinical trials for several cancers, including lung, liver, breast, lymphoma, and ovarian cancers. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Rebeccamycin Analog, also known as NSC 655649, is a substance studied as a possible cancer treatment. It belongs to drug groups called antitumor antibiotics and topoisomerase inhibitors, which may help stop cancer cells from growing. It is still experimental and not a standard therapy. Patients may see this term in medical reports or research and should ask their care team what it means for their specific situation.

Reblozyl (luspatercept) is a medicine used to treat anemia in adults with certain blood disorders like beta thalassemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. It helps the bone marrow make more red blood cells, reducing the need for frequent blood transfusions. It may increase the risk of blood clots, especially in patients with other clotting risk factors.

Recall bias happens when people in a study don’t remember past events accurately or leave out details. This can affect research results, especially if the event happened a long time ago or if memory is poor. Factors like age, health, education, and beliefs can influence recall. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand recall bias in context and ask your care team how it relates to your situation.

Recentin, also known as AZD2171 or cediranib maleate, is an experimental drug studied for treating some cancers. It works by blocking the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. This drug is not yet a standard treatment but may be offered in clinical trials or specialized cancer care settings.

A receptor is a molecule on or inside a cell that binds to specific substances, triggering effects within the cell. In cancer care, certain receptors on cancer cells can help doctors detect, understand, and treat the disease. For example, some imaging tests use tracers that attach to receptors to highlight cancer spread. It’s important to discuss with your care team what receptors mean for your specific situation.

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are proteins found on the surface of cells that help control important cell functions like growth and survival. Sometimes, changes in RTKs can cause cancer cells to grow too much. Certain cancer treatments work by blocking these proteins to slow or stop cancer growth. RTKs may also be called receptor tyrosine kinase or RTK in medical reports.

In cancer care, a recipient is a person who receives blood, cells, tissue, or an organ from another person, such as during a stem cell or bone marrow transplant. Matching blood types between donor and recipient is important to reduce risks and improve treatment success. The term recipient describes a role in treatment and is not a diagnosis or treatment recommendation by itself.

RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors) is a set of rules doctors use to measure how tumors respond to cancer treatment. It helps determine if tumors shrink, stay the same, or grow by measuring them on scans like CT or MRI. These measurements guide treatment decisions and are commonly used in clinical trials to assess how well therapies work.

Recombinant substances are made in a laboratory by combining genetic material from different sources. They are used in medicine and are being studied for cancer treatment and other health conditions. When you see the word recombinant, it’s important to understand it in context and ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Recombinant Adenovirus-P53, also known as ACN53, Rad/P53, or SCH-58500, is an experimental gene therapy studied for some cancers. It uses a weakened virus to deliver the p53 gene into tumor cells, which may help cause cancer cells to die. This therapy is not yet a standard treatment and is usually available only through clinical trials or research settings.

Recombinant Fowlpox-CEA-MUC-1-TRICOM Vaccine, also called Falimarev, is an experimental cancer vaccine made from a harmless chicken virus. It is designed to help the immune system recognize and attack certain cancer cells. This vaccine is being studied in clinical trials and is not yet a standard treatment. Patients may see this term in medical reports or treatment discussions and should ask their care team how it relates to their care.

Recombinant Fowlpox-TRICOM Vaccine, also called Rf-TRICOM, is a type of cancer vaccine made using a harmless chicken virus. It is designed to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. This vaccine is still being studied and is not a standard treatment. Patients should discuss with their care team how it might relate to their care.

Recombinant Human Interleukin-11 is a lab-made medicine, also called Neumega or oprelvekin, used to help increase platelet counts in some cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Platelets are blood cells that help with clotting and prevent bleeding. This medicine supports the body’s natural process to make more platelets and reduce bleeding risks during cancer treatment.

Recombinant Human Interleukin-2, also known as Aldesleukin or Proleukin, is a lab-made medicine that helps the immune system fight certain cancers. It works by boosting the activity and growth of white blood cells that attack cancer cells. It is mainly used to treat melanoma and kidney cancer that has spread, and it may be part of treatment plans or clinical trials.

Recombinant Human Methionyl Stem Cell Factor, also known as Ancestim, R-Methuscf, or Stemgen, is a lab-made protein that helps blood stem cells grow and develop into different types of blood cells. It is being studied as a possible treatment for blood disorders like myelodysplasia, where the bone marrow does not produce enough healthy blood cells.

Recombinant Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Bivalent Vaccine, known as Cervarix, is a vaccine that protects females aged 9 to 25 from infection with two high-risk HPV types (16 and 18). These HPV types cause most cervical cancers and precancerous lesions. Although no longer available in the United States, it is still used in other countries to help prevent cervical cancer and related HPV infections.

Gardasil 9 is a vaccine approved for people aged 9 to 45 that protects against nine types of human papillomavirus (HPV). It helps prevent infections that cause most genital warts and several cancers, including cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and some head and neck cancers. The vaccine works best when given before exposure to HPV.

Recombinant Human Papillomavirus Quadrivalent Vaccine, known as Gardasil, is a vaccine that protects against four types of HPV. It helps prevent genital warts caused by HPV types 6 and 11, and several cancers linked to HPV types 16 and 18, including cervical, anal, vaginal, and vulvar cancers. Gardasil was used for people aged 9 to 26 but is no longer available in the U.S., replaced by newer vaccines like Gardasil 9.

Recombinant Interferon Alfa-2B is a lab-made medicine that helps the immune system fight certain cancers and infections. It is used to treat conditions like AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, hairy cell leukemia, some lymphomas, melanoma, genital warts, and chronic hepatitis B or C. You might see it called IFN Alpha-2B, Interferon Alfa-2B, or Intron A in medical reports or treatment plans.

Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator (r-tPA), also known as Activase or Alteplase, is a medicine made in a laboratory that helps dissolve blood clots. It is used in emergencies like heart attacks, strokes, and lung clots. While not a cancer treatment, it may be used to manage blood clots that sometimes occur in people with cancer or during cancer treatment.

Recombinant urate oxidase, also known as Elitek or rasburicase, is a medicine used to lower high uric acid levels in the blood. It is often given to adults and children with certain cancers like leukemia or lymphoma, especially when cancer treatment causes rapid tumor cell breakdown. This drug helps prevent and treat tumor lysis syndrome by breaking down uric acid to protect the kidneys.

Recombinant Vaccinia-CEA-MUC-1-TRICOM Vaccine, also called Inalimarev or PANVAC-V, is an experimental cancer vaccine made from a harmless virus related to the smallpox vaccine. It is designed to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells by producing proteins often found on tumors. This vaccine is still being studied and is not yet a standard treatment.

Recombinant Vaccinia-TRICOM Vaccine, also called Rv-TRICOM or Vaccinia-TRICOM Vaccine, is a type of cancer vaccine made from a harmless form of vaccinia virus. It is designed to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. This vaccine is still being studied and is not a standard treatment. Patients should discuss with their care team how it might relate to their care.

A reconstructive surgeon is a doctor who surgically rebuilds or reshapes parts of the body affected by disease, injury, or surgery, such as after cancer treatment. These surgeons often work on the face, head, neck, or breast to restore appearance and function. The term can mean different things depending on the situation, so it’s important to ask your care team how it applies to you personally.

Reconstructive surgery is a type of surgery that reshapes or rebuilds parts of the body changed by disease, injury, or previous surgery. It plays an important role in cancer care by helping restore appearance and function after cancer treatments. Patients should discuss with their care team how reconstructive surgery might apply to their individual situation.

In cancer care, the word "recover" means becoming well and healthy again after illness, treatment, or surgery. Recovery can include physical healing, managing side effects, and emotional adjustment. It’s important to understand how recovery applies to your personal situation by talking with your care team. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

The RECQL4 gene makes a protein that helps unwind and repair DNA during cell division. Changes (mutations) in both copies of this gene can cause Rothmund-Thomson syndrome Type 2, a rare inherited condition linked to skin changes, bone problems, and a higher risk of certain cancers like bone and skin cancer. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your or your loved one’s health.

Recreational therapy uses activities like arts, music, sports, and animal interaction to help meet the physical and emotional needs of people with illnesses, including cancer. It is being studied as a way to ease distress and support daily living skills during cancer treatment. Patients and caregivers should discuss with their care team how it might fit into individual care plans.

Rectal refers to anything related to the rectum, which is the last several inches of the large intestine closest to the anus. It is an important area in digestive health and cancer care, especially for colorectal and anal cancers. Problems in this area can include growths, infections, or cancer, and may require screening, diagnosis, and treatment.

Rectal cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the tissues of the rectum, the last several inches of the large intestine near the anus. It often begins as a growth called a polyp, which can sometimes turn into cancer over time. Treatments may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Screening and lifestyle changes can help reduce risk.

Rectal reconstruction is surgery to rebuild the rectum, the last part of the large intestine before the anus, often using a section of the colon. This procedure may be done after the rectum is removed to treat cancer or other diseases. Patients should discuss with their care team how this surgery applies to their individual situation.

Rectitis, also called proctitis, is inflammation of the lining of the rectum, the last part of the large intestine near the anus. It can cause symptoms like rectal pain, bleeding, discharge, and a frequent urge to have bowel movements. Causes include infections, radiation therapy, or unknown reasons. If you see this term in your medical records, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

A rectovaginal exam is a physical exam where a healthcare provider inserts one finger into the vagina and another into the rectum to feel for lumps, masses, or other changes in the pelvic area. It helps check the size, shape, and position of pelvic organs. While it can be part of a pelvic exam, it has limitations as a screening test for cancer and should be understood in context with other tests and symptoms.

The rectum is the last several inches of the large intestine, ending at the anus, where stool leaves the body. It plays an important role in storing stool before a bowel movement. The rectum is also a common site for colorectal cancer, which often starts as growths called polyps. Doctors use tests like colonoscopy or virtual colonoscopy to check the rectum for problems such as bleeding, pain, or cancer.

To recur means for cancer to come back after a period when it could not be detected. This can happen in the same place as the original tumor or elsewhere in the body. Doctors may use special imaging tests, like 11C-choline PET scans, to check for recurrence. If you see the word recur in your medical information, ask your care team what it means for your situation.

Recurrence, also called recurrent cancer, means that cancer has come back after a period when it could not be detected. It may return to the same place as the original tumor or appear in another part of the body. Doctors use various imaging tests during follow-up care to check for recurrence and guide treatment decisions.

Recurrent cancer, also called recurrence, is cancer that has come back after treatment. It may return to the original site, nearby tissues, or a different part of the body. Many factors affect the chance of recurrence, including cancer type, stage, and treatment. Early detection of recurrence can help improve outcomes. Understanding this term can help patients and caregivers better follow their care and ask important questions.

Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare condition where wart-like growths called papillomas develop in the air passages of the respiratory tract, often in the voice box and vocal cords. Symptoms include hoarseness, chronic cough, swallowing difficulties, and breathing problems that can sometimes be serious. It is caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) and can affect both children and adults.

Red blood cells (also called erythrocytes or RBCs) are cells in your blood that carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. They are made in the bone marrow. In cancer care, red blood cells are important because treatments may affect their number or function, and some therapies like stem cell transplants require matching blood types to reduce risks.

Red Cedar, also called Eastern Red Cedar or Cedarwood, is an evergreen tree known for its hard, fragrant wood. The oil from this wood is used in products like soaps, perfumes, and aromatherapy. While not a cancer treatment, some patients find the calming scent of cedarwood oil helpful for relaxation and coping with the emotional challenges of cancer care.

Red Clover, also known as purple clover, Trifolium pratense, or wild clover, is a flowering plant used in some cultures for medicinal purposes. It contains natural compounds called isoflavones, which act like weak forms of estrogen. Red Clover is being studied for menopausal symptom relief and possible anticancer effects, but it is not a proven cancer treatment. Always discuss its use with your healthcare team.

Red date is the fruit of the jujube plant, also known as Chinese date. It has been used in some cultures for traditional health purposes. If you hear about red date in your cancer care, it’s important to talk with your healthcare team about what it means for you personally, rather than assuming it is a treatment or diagnosis.

Red Elm, also known as Gray Elm, Indian Elm, Slippery Elm, Sweet Elm, Ulmus fulva, or Ulmus rubra, is a tree whose inner bark has been used traditionally in some cultures for health purposes. It may have soothing and antioxidant effects. The term can appear under various names, so it’s important to clarify its meaning if it comes up in your medical care or discussions.

Red Light Therapy uses specific wavelengths of red or near-infrared light applied to the skin. In cancer care, it may be explored for symptom relief, supporting recovery after surgery or chemotherapy, improving treatment tolerance, or enhancing quality of life. While some patients are interested in it as a complementary approach, its direct anticancer effects are not established. Always discuss use with your healthcare team to ensure safety and coordination with your cancer treatments.

Redox, also called oxidation-reduction, is a chemical reaction where one substance loses electrons (oxidation) and another gains electrons (reduction). These reactions happen naturally in the body, such as when sugar and fat are broken down to create energy. If you see this term in your medical information, ask your care team how it applies to your situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment.

Reduced penetrance (also called incomplete penetrance) means that some people who inherit a gene mutation linked to cancer do not develop the disease. Having a mutation raises risk but does not guarantee cancer will occur. It’s important to understand this term in context and talk with your healthcare team about what it means for your personal health and family history.

A reduced-intensity transplant, also called a mini-transplant or non-myeloablative transplant, is a type of donor stem cell transplant that uses lower doses of chemotherapy or radiation than a standard transplant. It is often an option for people who are older or have health issues that make a full transplant too risky. This approach helps restore healthy blood cells while reducing some side effects of stronger treatments.

In cancer care, "reduction" often refers to ways to lower the risk of developing cancer or to lessen harmful exposures, such as radiation. It can also appear when discussing new treatments aimed at preventing cancer in high-risk individuals. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand the term in context and ask your care team how it applies to your personal situation rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Reed-Sternberg cells are large, abnormal cells found in people with Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer of the lymph system. These cells help doctors diagnose this disease. Seeing the term in a report means it’s important to ask your care team how it applies to your specific situation, rather than assuming it alone defines your diagnosis or treatment.

Reference Interval, also called Normal Range or Reference Range, is the set of values that most healthy people have for a medical test. It helps doctors understand if your test results are typical or unusual. Being outside this range doesn’t always mean there is a health problem. Different groups of people may have different reference intervals, so it’s important to discuss your results with your care team.

Reference Range, also called normal range or reference interval, is the set of values that most healthy people have for a medical test. It helps doctors understand if your test results are typical or unusual. Being outside this range doesn’t always mean there is a health problem. It’s important to discuss what your specific results mean with your care team.

Reference values, also called normal range, reference interval, or reference range, are the typical set of results seen in most healthy people for a medical test. Doctors use these values to help understand if your test results are usual or unusual. Being outside the reference values doesn’t always mean there is a health problem. It’s important to talk with your care team about what your specific results mean.

A referral in cancer care means your doctor sends you to another health care provider for extra tests, diagnosis, or treatment. It helps you get the right specialist or services you may need. If you see the word referral, ask your care team what it means for you personally, as it is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Reflexology is a type of massage that applies pressure to specific points on the feet or hands, which some believe correspond to other parts of the body. While often used to promote relaxation and symptom relief, there is no scientific evidence that reflexology can treat or cure cancer. Patients considering reflexology during cancer care should discuss it with their healthcare team to ensure safety and coordination with their treatment.

Reflux is when stomach liquid flows backward into the esophagus, the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach. This can cause symptoms like heartburn, burping, or nausea. Reflux is common and can sometimes lead to irritation or damage in the esophagus. It may be linked to conditions like GERD and can be important to manage, especially in people with cancer or those at risk for esophageal problems.

Refractory describes a disease or cancer that does not respond to treatment. In cancer care, it means the cancer may not improve or shrink with standard therapies. Patients should ask their care team how this term applies to their specific situation, as it is not a diagnosis by itself but a way to describe treatment response.

Refractory cancer, also called resistant cancer, is cancer that does not respond to treatment. It may be resistant from the start or become resistant during therapy. This term describes how the cancer reacts to treatment but does not change the diagnosis or stage. If you see this term, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation and treatment options.

Regenecare is a topical substance made from collagen, aloe vera, vitamin E, and lidocaine. It is being studied to help treat certain skin rashes and pain in cancer patients. Regenecare may help stop bleeding, promote new blood vessel growth, keep skin moist, and relieve pain and itching. Patients should discuss its use with their care team to understand if it is appropriate for them.

Regenerate, also known as the New Biology Lifestyle Program, is a lifestyle approach sometimes discussed in cancer care. It may be used for symptom relief, nutrition support, improving treatment tolerance, recovery after surgery or chemotherapy, immune or metabolic support, or quality of life. Patients often explore it as a complementary option to support resilience and well-being during cancer treatment.

The Regenerate or New Biology Lifestyle Program is a lifestyle approach sometimes discussed in cancer care to support nutrition, ease symptoms, improve treatment tolerance, and aid recovery after surgery or chemotherapy. It focuses on diet, environment, and lifestyle changes to promote overall well-being and resilience. It is not a proven cancer treatment and should be used only with guidance from your healthcare team.

Regeneration is the natural process where the body regrows damaged or lost tissues. In cancer care, researchers are studying how regeneration might help highlight cancer cells during imaging or deliver treatments directly to tumors. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and discuss with the care team how it relates to individual diagnosis or treatment plans.

A regimen is a detailed plan for treatment that includes what medicines or therapies to use, how much, how often, and for how long. In cancer care, regimens often refer to specific chemotherapy schedules or combinations of drugs. Understanding your regimen helps you know what to expect and how it fits into your overall treatment plan.

In cancer care, the term "regional" usually refers to the area of the body right around a tumor. It can describe cancer that has spread from the original tumor to nearby lymph nodes or tissues. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand "regional" in context and ask the care team how it applies to their specific situation, rather than treating the word alone as a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Regional anesthesia is a type of anesthesia that numbs a larger part of the body, such as an arm or leg, while the patient remains awake. It helps block pain or awareness during medical procedures without causing deep sleep. In cancer care, regional anesthesia is often used to keep patients comfortable during surgeries, biopsies, or other treatments involving a specific body area.

Regional cancer means cancer has spread from its original spot to nearby lymph nodes or tissues close to the primary tumor. It is not spread to distant parts of the body. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers discuss diagnosis and treatment options with their care team. Always ask how it applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it defines your entire diagnosis or treatment plan.

Regional chemotherapy is a cancer treatment where anticancer drugs are directed to a specific area of the body, usually around the tumor. This approach targets the nearby tissues or lymph nodes affected by cancer, aiming to focus treatment where it is needed most. Patients should ask their care team how regional chemotherapy applies to their individual situation.

Regional enteritis, also called Crohn disease, is a long-term inflammation of the digestive tract, usually affecting the small intestine and colon. Symptoms can include fever, diarrhea, stomach cramps, vomiting, and weight loss. This condition increases the risk of colorectal and small intestine cancers. If you see this term in medical reports, ask your care team how it relates to your health and care plan.

Regional lymph nodes are the lymph nodes located near a tumor. They help drain lymph fluid from the area around the tumor and are often checked in cancer care to see if cancer has spread. Understanding regional lymph nodes can help patients follow diagnosis and treatment discussions, especially when lymph node biopsies or surgeries are planned.

Regional lymph node dissection is a surgery that removes some lymph nodes near a tumor to check if cancer has spread. It helps doctors understand the cancer’s stage and plan treatment. Sometimes, most or all lymph nodes in the area are removed, called a radical lymph node dissection. Patients should ask their care team how this applies to their specific situation rather than assuming what the term means alone.

A registered dietitian is a trained health professional who helps people with nutrition and healthy eating. They support patients during cancer treatment and other medical conditions by providing advice, meal plans, and special nutrition therapies. Always talk with your doctor or a registered dietitian before making big changes to your diet or trying new supplements to stay safe and well.

Reglan, also known as metoclopramide, is a medicine that helps the stomach and upper intestines move food and liquids more easily. It is often used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and other conditions. Because it can cause side effects, it is usually recommended for short-term use. Always ask your care team how Reglan applies to your treatment.

Regorafenib, also known by the brand name Stivarga, is a pill taken by mouth that helps treat certain cancers by blocking proteins that cancer cells need to grow. It is used mainly for colorectal cancer that has spread, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and some liver cancers. Regorafenib may cause side effects like tiredness, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and skin changes. It requires careful monitoring because it can affect the liver seriously.

Regression in cancer means a decrease in the size of a tumor or the amount of cancer in the body. It can happen naturally or as a result of treatment. Patients should understand that seeing the word “regression” in a report does not automatically mean the cancer is gone or cured. It’s important to talk with the care team about what regression means for each person’s situation.

Regulatory T cells, also called suppressor T cells or T regs, are a type of white blood cell that help control the immune system. They keep immune responses from becoming too strong, which helps prevent damage to the body. These cells are being studied in cancer treatment because they can affect how the immune system fights cancer. If you see this term, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Rehabilitation is care that helps you regain or improve abilities needed for daily life after injury, illness, or medical treatment. It supports recovery from conditions like stroke, cancer treatment side effects, or surgery, aiming to restore independence and improve quality of life. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Rehabilitation services are special health care supports that help people regain physical, mental, or thinking abilities lost or affected by cancer or its treatment. These services include therapies like physical, occupational, speech, and cognitive therapy. They aim to help patients return to daily life and improve quality of life after cancer treatment.

A rehabilitation specialist in cancer care is a health professional who helps patients recover physical function after illness or injury. They often work with patients who have had limb amputation or need prosthetic rehabilitation due to tumors affecting bones, muscles, or nerves. Their goal is to support patients in regaining movement, managing pain, and improving quality of life through personalized therapy.

Reiki is a type of energy healing some people use during cancer care to promote relaxation and well-being. It involves a practitioner placing their hands on or near the body to balance energy. While generally low-risk, Reiki has not been proven to treat cancer or improve medical outcomes and should never replace standard cancer treatments. Patients should discuss its use with their healthcare team to ensure safety and coordination with their care plan.

Relapse means that cancer or its signs and symptoms have returned after a period of improvement. It can also refer to the return of addictive behaviors. In cancer care, relapse often leads to discussions about further testing or treatment options. It’s important to understand what relapse means for your specific situation by talking with your care team.

Relapse-Free Survival (RFS), also called Disease-Free Survival (DFS), is the length of time after cancer treatment during which a person shows no signs or symptoms of that cancer. It is often used in clinical trials to help measure how well a treatment works. Patients should discuss what this term means for their individual care with their healthcare team.

Relative Odds, also called Odds Ratio, is a number that compares the chances of an event happening in one group to the chances in another group. In cancer research, it helps show if exposure to a certain factor might increase or decrease cancer risk. A value of 1 means no difference between groups, above 1 suggests higher odds with exposure, and below 1 suggests lower odds.

Relative risk, also called risk ratio, compares the chance of an event like cancer happening in one group to another. A relative risk of 1 means no difference between groups. A number above or below 1 suggests increased or decreased risk. It helps researchers and doctors understand how exposures or treatments affect cancer risk, but it doesn’t tell the exact chance for an individual.

Relative survival rate compares the survival of people with a specific disease, like cancer, to that of similar people without the disease over a set time, usually five years. It helps show if the disease shortens life. Patients should discuss what this rate means for their own situation with their care team, rather than using it alone to make decisions.

Relaxation techniques are simple methods like deep breathing, meditation, and muscle relaxation that help reduce stress, ease muscle tension, and improve mood. These techniques can support better sleep and overall well-being during cancer care. They are often taught by your health care team to help manage symptoms and promote calmness without using medicines.

Relaxation therapy is a way to reduce muscle tension, stress, and pain. It often involves slowly tensing and relaxing muscles, sometimes combined with guided imagery or meditation. This therapy can help lower blood pressure and calm the mind, making it useful for managing stress, anxiety, and pain during cancer care or other health challenges.

Relenza, also known as zanamivir, is an antiviral medicine used to treat and prevent flu caused by influenza A and B viruses. It works by stopping the virus from spreading in the body. While it can reduce flu symptoms slightly, its benefits for healthy people are small. It is inhaled and may cause breathing problems in people with lung conditions like asthma.

In cancer care, the word "religion" can mean more than just faith or culture. It often relates to inherited genetic risks linked to a person’s ancestry. Understanding this helps patients and caregivers see why family background matters for health. Spiritual support from chaplains is also part of care, offering comfort without changing medical treatment or requiring religious beliefs.

Relistor, also known as methylnaltrexone bromide, is a medication used to treat constipation caused by opioid pain medicines. It works by blocking opioid effects outside the brain, helping relieve constipation without reducing pain relief. It is often used by adults with cancer or other serious illnesses who take opioids for pain.

Relugolix, also known by the brand name Orgovyx, is a medicine taken by mouth to treat advanced prostate cancer. It works by blocking signals that tell the testicles to make testosterone, a hormone some prostate cancers need to grow. Relugolix is also used in some countries to treat hormone-related conditions in women, like uterine fibroids and endometriosis. Common side effects include hot flashes, headache, sweating, and changes in bone density.

REM sleep, or Rapid Eye Movement sleep, is a unique phase of sleep when most dreaming occurs. During this time, your eyes move quickly under closed lids, and your brain activity, breathing, and heart rate increase. REM sleep plays an important role in memory and learning. It cycles with non-REM sleep several times during a typical night, helping your brain and body rest and recover.

Remeron, also known as mirtazapine, is a medicine used mainly to treat depression. It works by increasing brain chemicals that help improve mood. It may also help with sleep problems related to depression. Remeron is taken by mouth and is approved for adults with major depressive disorder. Common side effects include sleepiness, dizziness, increased appetite, and weight gain.

Remission means that the signs and symptoms of cancer have decreased or disappeared. It can be partial, where some signs remain, or complete, where all signs are gone but cancer may still be in the body. Remission is an important goal of cancer treatment and is closely monitored by your health care team.

Remission induction therapy is the first phase of cancer treatment using anticancer drugs to reduce or eliminate signs and symptoms of cancer. It is often used for blood cancers like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adults and children. This therapy aims to bring the cancer into remission, meaning the disease is less active or not detectable. Patients should discuss with their care team how this therapy applies to their specific situation.

Remote brachytherapy, also called high-dose-rate remote brachytherapy or high-dose-rate remote radiation therapy, is a type of internal radiation treatment. It uses temporary radioactive sources placed inside or near a tumor to deliver short, intense bursts of radiation. The radioactive material is removed between treatments. Patients should ask their care team how this treatment applies to their specific situation.

Remote Frequency Broadcasting is a type of alternative approach that claims to send healing signals to a person from a distance using software or devices. It is sometimes discussed in cancer care for symptom relief or supportive purposes, but there is no credible evidence that it can treat cancer. Patients should always talk with their healthcare team before trying it.

Effort Theory of Evolution, also called Removable Root Cause Theory, is an alternative idea proposed by Paul Ola. It suggests that cancer and other chronic diseases may share a deeper, removable cause related to inflammation and the body’s resistance to disease. This theory is not part of standard medical care and should be discussed with your healthcare team if mentioned.

The renal artery is the main blood vessel that carries blood to each kidney. There is one renal artery for each kidney, and sometimes extra (accessory) arteries are present, especially on the left side. The renal arteries arise from the large abdominal artery called the aorta. Problems affecting these arteries, like narrowing or damage, can affect kidney function and blood pressure. If you see this term in your care, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your situation.

The renal capsule is a tough, fibrous layer that surrounds each kidney. It helps protect the kidney and limits how much it can swell. When the kidney swells, the renal capsule resists stretching, which can cause pain in the side (flank pain). If you see this term in your medical records, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Renal Cell Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. It starts in the lining of tiny tubes inside the kidney that filter blood and produce urine. This cancer is also called hypernephroma, renal cell cancer, or renal cell carcinoma. If you see these terms in medical reports, ask your care team what they mean for your specific diagnosis and treatment.

Renal Cell Cancer is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. It starts in the cells lining tiny tubes inside the kidney that help filter blood. This cancer is also called hypernephroma, renal cell adenocarcinoma, or renal cell carcinoma. The cancer cells often look clear or pale under a microscope, which is why one common form is called clear cell renal cell cancer (ccRCC).

Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. It starts in the lining of tiny tubes inside the kidney that help filter blood and produce urine. RCC may also be called hypernephroma or renal cell adenocarcinoma. It often has no early symptoms and is sometimes found during tests for other health issues. Treatment depends on the cancer’s stage and may include surgery, targeted drugs, or immunotherapy.

The renal collecting tubule, also called the collecting duct, is the final part of a tiny tube in the kidney that collects urine from filtering units and moves it toward the bladder. In cancer care, this term may come up when discussing kidney tumors that develop near or in this area. Knowing this helps patients understand where a tumor is and how it might affect kidney function or treatment.

Renal failure, also called kidney failure, happens when the kidneys can no longer remove waste, extra fluid, and balance chemicals in the body. It can develop suddenly or slowly over time. Chronic kidney failure may lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), which requires treatments like dialysis or a kidney transplant. Understanding kidney failure in your health context and talking with your care team is important for managing your care.

Renal fascia, also called Gerota's capsule or Gerota's fascia, is a tough layer of fibrous tissue that surrounds each kidney. It acts like a protective envelope, holding the kidney in place and separating it from nearby organs. You might see this term in medical reports related to kidney health or cancer. It is an anatomical term, not a diagnosis or treatment.

Renal function, also called kidney function, describes how well your kidneys work. The kidneys filter waste and extra water from your blood, balance important chemicals, and produce hormones that help control blood pressure and red blood cell production. Monitoring renal function is important during cancer care, especially if treatments might affect your kidneys or related hormone levels.

A Renal Function Test, also called a Kidney Function Test, checks blood or urine samples to measure substances that show how well your kidneys are working. These tests help doctors find kidney problems early, especially during cancer care when treatments might affect kidney health. Understanding these tests can help you follow your care plan and ask questions about your kidney health.

The renal glomerulus is a tiny, round cluster of blood vessels inside the kidneys. It acts like a filter, helping to clean the blood by keeping useful substances and removing waste, which becomes urine. If you see this term in your health information, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment.

The renal pelvis is the central part of the kidney where urine collects before moving to the ureter, the tube that carries urine to the bladder. It can be affected by certain cancers, such as transitional cell cancer. Treatment options depend on factors like tumor stage, kidney health, and whether cancer has returned. Early detection often leads to better outcomes.

Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) is a rare condition where the kidneys cannot properly remove acid from the body, causing acid to build up in the blood. This happens because the kidney tubules fail to acidify urine correctly. RTA can be inherited or caused by other health problems or medications. It may lead to symptoms like muscle weakness, kidney stones, or growth issues in children.

The renal tubule is one of millions of tiny tubes in the kidneys that help process blood. It returns needed nutrients and fluids back to the body and turns leftover waste and fluid into urine. If you see this term in your care, it’s important to ask your healthcare team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment.

The renal vein is the large blood vessel that carries blood away from each kidney to the inferior vena cava, which then returns blood to the heart. There is one renal vein for each kidney. Understanding this term is important in cancer care, especially when tumors spread to nearby blood vessels like the renal vein.

Renova is a brand name for a topical medicine containing tretinoin, a form of vitamin A. It is mainly used to treat acne and certain skin conditions. The word Renova can also refer to places, companies, or other unrelated things, so it’s important to understand the context when you see this term in medical or cancer-related materials.

To replicate means to make an exact copy or duplicate of something. In cancer care, it often refers to how cells copy their genetic material or how experiments are repeated to confirm results. Understanding replication can help patients learn how treatments are developed and tested, but it’s important to discuss with your care team how this term relates to your personal care.

The replication cycle refers to the process by which viruses reproduce inside a host cell, starting with infection and ending with the release of new virus particles. In biology, it also relates to how cells copy their DNA to divide and grow. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask your healthcare team how it applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it indicates a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Repotrectinib, also called Augtyro, is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat certain lung cancers and solid tumors with specific gene changes called ROS1 or NTRK fusions. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow. This medicine is used when tests show these gene changes and is part of personalized treatment plans for some patients.

A reproductive cell, also called a gamete or sex cell, is a special cell that carries half the usual number of chromosomes. In females, these are egg cells (ova), and in males, sperm cells. When an egg and sperm join during fertilization, they create a new cell with a full set of chromosomes, starting a pregnancy. Understanding reproductive cells is important in cancer care, especially for cancers related to these cells.

A reproductive endocrinologist is a doctor specially trained to diagnose and treat infertility and hormonal problems affecting reproduction in both women and men. They may offer treatments like surgery, medicines, or procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF). They also help preserve fertility through options like sperm banking and egg freezing, especially important for people facing cancer treatments that might affect their ability to have children.

Reproductive history is information about a woman’s menstrual periods, pregnancies, breastfeeding, use of birth control, and menopause. This history helps estimate breast cancer risk by showing how long and how much a woman’s body has been exposed to certain hormones. It is often used with family history to understand breast cancer chances but is not a diagnosis on its own.

Reproductive hormones are chemicals made mainly in the ovaries or testes that help control puberty, fertility, and sexual health. Female hormones like estrogen and progesterone support pregnancy and menstrual cycles, while male hormones like testosterone help develop male traits and sperm. Some herbal supplements, such as chaste tree berry, may affect these hormones, so it’s important to talk with your care team about any supplements you use during cancer treatment.

Reproductive medicine is a medical field focused on fertility, reproductive health, and related problems in both men and women. It covers issues like infertility, puberty, menopause, birth control, and sexual health. This field also includes care for reproductive cancers and fertility preservation, especially important for patients facing treatments that may affect their ability to have children.

The reproductive system includes the organs and tissues involved in having children. In women, this includes the ovaries, uterus, cervix, and vagina. In men, it includes the testes, prostate, and penis. In cancer care, this term often relates to how these organs work or how they might be affected by illness or treatment. Always ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

A rescue transplant, also called stem cell rescue, is a treatment that replaces blood-forming stem cells destroyed by high-dose chemotherapy or radiation. It helps the bone marrow recover and make healthy blood cells. This procedure may allow doctors to give stronger cancer treatments to kill more cancer cells. Patients often have their own stem cells saved before treatment to use in this transplant.

A research advocate is someone who helps patients understand scientific information and cancer research. They use their own and others’ experiences to work with researchers, making sure clinical trials are safe and patient-centered. They also support patients and families by explaining clinical trials and encouraging participation. It’s important to ask your care team how a research advocate’s role applies to your situation.

Research base refers to the institutions, clinical staff, and patients involved in clinical trials or scientific studies. In cancer care, understanding the research base means knowing where and how studies are done, who participates, and how findings may or may not apply to individual treatment decisions. It’s important to discuss with your care team what research means for your personal care.

A research study is a scientific investigation that may involve new tests, treatments, or ways to understand cancer. Patients should ask their care team if a test or treatment is part of their regular care or a research study. Research studies help doctors learn more but do not automatically mean a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Resectable means a tumor or cancer that can be removed completely by surgery. Whether a tumor is resectable depends on its size, location, and how it affects nearby tissues. This term helps doctors decide if surgery is an option and guides treatment planning. Patients should always ask their care team what resectable means for their specific situation.

Resected means that tissue, an organ, or a tumor has been surgically removed. This term often appears in medical reports or treatment plans to describe what has been taken out during surgery. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand the context of the word and ask the care team how it relates to the individual’s diagnosis or treatment.

Resection is surgery to remove part or all of an organ or tissue. In cancer care, it often means removing the tumor and some surrounding tissue to treat or control the disease. For example, abdominoperineal resection is a surgery that removes the anus, rectum, and part of the lower colon, usually for cancers in that area. Resection can be part of a larger treatment plan and does not always mean the cancer is cured.

A resectoscope is a thin, tube-like medical instrument with a light and camera used to see inside the body and remove tissue. It has a special loop that uses electric current to cut or destroy tissue and control bleeding. It is often used to treat or diagnose problems in the bladder, prostate, or uterus. If you hear this term, ask your care team how it relates to your care, as it is a tool, not a diagnosis or treatment by.

Residential Integrative Cancer Care Programs are organized care systems or clinics that combine various approaches like diagnostics, diet, supplements, procedures, coaching, and follow-up. These programs may support cancer treatment or recovery but vary widely. Patients should discuss how such a program fits their individual situation with their healthcare team before use.

Residential Integrative Cancer Programs are clinics or retreat-style centers where people with cancer can stay while receiving care that combines medical treatments with supportive approaches like nutrition, wellness, and symptom relief. These programs aim to help with recovery, improve quality of life, and support overall health during or after cancer treatment. It’s important to discuss these programs with your cancer care team to ensure safety and coordination.

Residual disease, often called minimal or measurable residual disease (MRD), means a very small number of cancer cells that remain in the body during or after treatment. These cells are too few to be seen with regular tests or scans but can be found using highly sensitive lab methods. MRD testing is mainly used for blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma to help doctors understand treatment response and the chance of cancer returning.

Resin is a thick, sticky substance that comes from plants or can be made in a lab. Some plant resins, like the amber-colored resin from the Boswellia serrata tree (frankincense), have been used for their anti-inflammatory effects. Researchers are studying whether such resins might help in cancer care, especially for brain tumors, but they are not standard treatments. Always talk with your healthcare team before using any resin-based products during cancer care.

Resiquimod is a drug studied for treating some skin cancers and skin lesions. Applied as a gel on the skin, it helps certain immune cells produce chemicals that may attack tumor cells. It is also being researched to boost the effects of cancer vaccines. Resiquimod is not a standard treatment yet, so patients should discuss its use with their care team.

Resistant cancer, also called refractory cancer, is cancer that does not respond to treatment. It may be resistant from the start or become resistant during therapy. This means the cancer keeps growing or spreading despite treatment. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers discuss treatment options and what to expect with their care team.

Resorption is a natural process where the body breaks down and absorbs tissue or substances, such as bone. In cancer care, understanding resorption helps explain how certain treatments affect bone health or how cancer may impact tissues. If you see this term in your medical records or discussions, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

A respirator, also called a ventilator in medical settings, is a device that helps a person breathe when they cannot do so on their own. Respirators are also masks used in many industries to protect workers from harmful dust, gases, or germs. In healthcare, respirators support breathing during serious illness or surgery, including some cancer treatments.

Respiratory disease, also called lung disorder or pulmonary disease, refers to health problems that affect the lungs and breathing. These include conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer. Causes can include infections, smoking, or exposure to air pollution. Understanding respiratory disease is important for managing symptoms and treatment, especially in people with cancer.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a common virus that causes infections in the lungs and breathing passages. It often leads to cold-like symptoms but can be more serious for infants, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems. RSV may appear in medical reports or discussions, so it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your health or treatment.

The respiratory system, also called the respiratory tract, includes the organs involved in breathing. This system consists of the nose, throat, voice box, windpipe, bronchi, and lungs. It helps bring air into the body and remove carbon dioxide. Understanding this system can help patients recognize symptoms and follow care related to lung health and cancers affecting breathing.

A respiratory therapist is a healthcare professional trained to help people with breathing or lung problems. They work in hospitals, clinics, and home care, supporting patients with lung diseases, critical illnesses, or breathing support needs. Respiratory therapists assist with treatments, tests, and education to improve breathing and lung health. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Respiratory therapy includes exercises and treatments that help improve or restore lung function. In cancer care, it often involves managing breathing difficulties caused by lung cancer, side effects of treatments, or other lung conditions. It may include the use of inhalers, breathing exercises, or medicines like bronchodilators to ease breathing and support lung health.

The respiratory tract includes the organs involved in breathing, such as the nose, throat, voice box, windpipe, bronchi, and lungs. It is sometimes called the respiratory system. Understanding this term can help you follow discussions about infections, breathing issues, or cancer affecting these areas. It may also appear under related names such as Respiratory System.

Respite care is temporary care provided to a person who needs help, allowing their usual caregiver to take a short break. It can happen at home, in adult daycare, or in a nursing facility. Respite care supports caregivers by giving them rest and helps maintain the well-being of both the patient and caregiver during cancer treatment or serious illness.

In cancer care, “response” refers to how a cancer or its symptoms improve or change after treatment. It helps doctors understand if a treatment is working. Patients should ask their care team what “response” means for their specific situation, as it is not a diagnosis or a treatment plan by itself.

Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) is a set of rules doctors use to measure how tumors respond to cancer treatment. It helps show if tumors shrink, stay the same, or grow based on imaging tests like CT or MRI scans. RECIST is commonly used in clinical trials and medical reports to track tumor changes over time.

Response rate is the percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. It helps show how well a therapy works in a group of patients but does not predict individual outcomes. Patients should ask their care team how this term applies to their own situation rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment decision by itself.

Restaging is a process doctors use to check how much cancer is in the body if it comes back or gets worse after treatment. It helps doctors understand how the cancer responded to treatment and plan the best next steps. Restaging often involves repeating tests done at diagnosis. If the cancer’s stage changes, the new stage is marked with an “r” to show it is different from the original.

Resting refers to cells that are not currently dividing or active. In cancer care, understanding resting cells helps explain how cancer or immune cells behave during treatment. The term may appear in test results or treatment discussions to describe cell activity. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a neurological condition causing an uncontrollable urge to move the legs, often due to uncomfortable sensations like itching, crawling, or pain. Symptoms usually worsen at rest and at night, making sleep difficult. Treatments like gabapentin or pregabalin may help but can have side effects. If you see RLS mentioned in your care, ask your healthcare team what it means for you.

Resveratrol is a natural substance found in the skins of grapes, red wine, and some other plants. It is a type of antioxidant being studied for possible health benefits, including cancer prevention. While it appears in discussions about healthy eating, it is not a treatment or cure for cancer. Patients should talk with their care team about how resveratrol fits into their overall health plan.

The RET gene makes a protein important for cell growth and nerve development. Changes (mutations) in this gene can sometimes lead to cancer or inherited conditions. Genetic testing for RET mutations may help doctors understand a patient’s cancer or inherited risk and guide treatment decisions. Patients should discuss what RET gene results mean for their specific situation with their healthcare team.

Retacrit is a medicine used to treat anemia, a condition where the blood has too few red blood cells. It is a lab-made version of a natural hormone called erythropoietin that helps the body make more red blood cells. Retacrit is often used for anemia caused by chemotherapy, chronic kidney disease, or certain other conditions to help reduce tiredness and the need for blood transfusions.

Retching is the body's action of trying to vomit without actually bringing anything up, often called dry heaving. It involves strong stomach and throat muscle movements and can happen due to nausea, bad smells, stress, or side effects of cancer treatments. Understanding retching can help patients and caregivers recognize symptoms and discuss relief options with their healthcare team.

The rete testis is a network of tiny tubes inside the testicle that helps move sperm from where they are made to where they mature and are stored. In testicular cancer, cancer cells may be found in the rete testis as part of the tumor inside the testicle. Understanding this term is important in the context of cancer staging and treatment, but it is not a diagnosis by itself.

Retevmo (selpercatinib) is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat tumors with changes in the RET gene. It is approved for certain lung and thyroid cancers in adults and children aged 2 years and older. Retevmo works by blocking proteins made by the altered RET gene, which may help slow cancer growth. It is taken by mouth and may cause side effects like liver problems, high blood pressure, and allergic reactions.

The reticular dermis is the thick, lower layer of the skin’s dermis. In skin cancer care, especially melanoma, knowing if a tumor has reached this layer helps doctors understand how deeply the cancer has grown. This information can guide treatment decisions. If you see this term in your medical records, ask your care team what it means for your specific diagnosis and care plan.

Retifanlimab, sold as Zynyz, is a cancer medicine used to treat Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare skin cancer that has spread or returned. It works by helping the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. Retifanlimab may also be used with other drugs to treat certain anal cancers. If you see this name in your care, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your treatment.

Retiform hemangioendothelioma is a rare, slow-growing vascular tumor that usually appears on or under the skin of the arms, legs, or trunk. It can spread to nearby tissues and often returns after treatment but rarely spreads to distant parts of the body. It most commonly affects young adults and sometimes children. Retiform hemangioendothelioma is considered an intermediate tumor, meaning it is not clearly benign or highly malignant.

Retin-A is a brand name for a topical medication called tretinoin, a form of vitamin A used mainly to treat acne. It is applied to the skin to help clear acne and improve skin texture. Retin-A is sometimes mentioned in cancer care discussions because related retinoic acid compounds are studied for certain cancers, but Retin-A itself is not a cancer treatment.

Retin-A-Micro is a topical gel containing tretinoin, a form of vitamin A, approved to treat acne. While it is mainly used for skin care, related retinoic acid medicines are sometimes discussed in cancer care, especially for certain types like acute promyelocytic leukemia. It’s important to ask your care team how Retin-A-Micro or retinoic acid relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a cancer treatment.

The retina is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye that helps you see by sending visual signals to your brain. It plays a key role in vision and can be affected by various conditions, including rare cancers like retinoblastoma. Understanding the retina is important in cancer care because some treatments or health conditions may impact eye health and vision.

Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that starts in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. It mainly affects young children, usually under age 5. Treatment often involves chemotherapy, surgery, or other therapies to control the cancer and protect vision. Early diagnosis and care are important for the best outcomes.

Retinoic acid is a form of vitamin A important for cell growth and development. It is used in medicine to treat skin conditions like acne and certain cancers, such as acute promyelocytic leukemia. Retinoic acid may appear under names like all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA, or tretinoin. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific health situation.

The retinoic acid receptor alpha gene (RARA gene) helps control how certain white blood cells mature. Changes in this gene, especially when it joins with the PML gene, can cause a fast-growing blood cancer called acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Symptoms often include easy bruising, bleeding gums, nosebleeds, heavy menstrual bleeding, or blood in the urine. Testing for changes in the RARA gene helps doctors diagnose and treat APL.

Retinoids are vitamin A or vitamin A-like compounds used in skin care and some cancer treatments. They may help manage skin problems or reduce the risk of certain skin cancers. Retinoids include medicines like acitretin and 13-cis retinoic acid, but not all retinoids are the same. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your treatment or skin health.

Retinol, also known as vitamin A, is a fat-soluble vitamin found in foods like liver, dairy, and fish oils, and is available as a dietary supplement. It supports vision, skin health, immune function, and growth of cells lining the body. Retinol is used to treat vitamin A deficiency and may help reduce complications in certain infections. Understanding its role and safe use is important for patients and caregivers.

Retinyl palmitate is a form of vitamin A commonly used as a dietary supplement and in skin-care products. It stores vitamin A in the body and supports vision, skin health, and immune function. High doses, especially during pregnancy, can cause birth defects. In cancer care, it is sometimes studied but is not a proven treatment. Patients should ask their care team how this term applies to their specific situation.

A retracted nipple, also called an inverted nipple, is when the nipple is pulled inward into the breast instead of pointing outward. This can be present from birth or develop later due to factors like aging, breastfeeding, surgery, injury, infection, or breast conditions. In severe cases, the nipple cannot be pulled out and may require surgery to correct. Both women and men can have this condition.

The retromolar trigone is a small area located just behind the wisdom teeth at the back of the mouth. It marks part of the boundary between the oral cavity (mouth) and the oropharynx (throat). Understanding this term can help patients and caregivers when it appears in medical reports, but it is important to ask the care team how it relates to an individual’s diagnosis or treatment.

Retroperitoneal refers to the area behind the peritoneum, the tissue lining the abdominal wall and covering many abdominal organs. This space contains important organs like the kidneys and major blood vessels. In cancer care, the term describes where a tumor or condition is located, but it is not a diagnosis by itself. Patients should ask their care team how it relates to their specific situation.

The retroperitoneum is the space in the back of the abdomen behind the peritoneum, the tissue lining the abdominal wall and covering most abdominal organs. It contains important organs like the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and parts of the stomach and colon. Understanding this area helps patients and caregivers discuss tumor locations and treatment plans with their care team.

In cancer care, the term "retrospective" refers to looking back at past events or patient experiences to gather information. Retrospective studies often review medical records or histories to understand how treatments worked or to explore possible causes of cancer. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to ask the care team how this information applies personally, rather than assuming it directly guides diagnosis or treatment.

A retrospective cohort study, also called a historic cohort study, is a type of medical research that looks back at existing records to compare groups of people who are similar except for one key factor. Researchers study these groups to see how that factor might affect the chance of developing a disease or health outcome, such as lung cancer in smokers versus non-smokers.

A retrospective study, also called a case-control study, is a type of research that looks back in time to compare two groups of people: those who have a disease or condition and those who do not. Researchers review past medical and lifestyle histories to find factors that might be linked to the disease. These studies help identify possible risk factors but do not prove cause and effect on their own.

A retroviral vector is a modified virus used to deliver genetic material into cells. It can help change or add genes in cells for treatments like gene therapy or vaccines. Different types of retroviral vectors infect dividing cells or both dividing and resting cells. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific care, as it is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

A retrovirus is a type of virus that carries its genetic material as RNA and uses a special enzyme to insert a DNA copy into the cells it infects. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is a well-known retrovirus. In cancer care, understanding retroviruses is important because some patients may have HIV or similar viruses, which can affect treatment and infection risk.

Reverse transcription is a natural process where an enzyme called reverse transcriptase makes a DNA copy from RNA. In the lab, this process helps doctors and scientists study genes by turning RNA into DNA, which can then be analyzed. For patients, it’s important to understand this term in context and ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a lab method that changes RNA into DNA and then makes many copies of that DNA. This helps doctors find changes or activity in genes, which can assist in diagnosing diseases like cancer. RT-PCR may also be used to study viruses such as HIV. If you see this term in your medical records, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (also called PRES or RPLS) is a rare brain condition causing sudden headaches, vision changes, seizures, and confusion. It happens when parts of the brain swell, often linked to high blood pressure, kidney problems, infections, autoimmune diseases, or certain cancer and immune-suppressing treatments. Symptoms usually improve with treatment but need prompt medical care.

Revia is a medication also known as naltrexone hydrochloride or Vivitrol. It blocks the effects of opioids and is used to treat opioid addiction and alcohol dependence. Revia is also being studied for breast cancer treatment. Patients may see different names for this drug and should ask their care team how it relates to their care.

Revlimid, also known as lenalidomide or CC-5013, is a medicine used to treat certain blood cancers and related conditions in adults. It helps the immune system fight abnormal blood cells and may slow tumor growth. Because it can cause serious side effects, Revlimid is only available through a special safety program called Revlimid REMS.

The Revm10 gene is an antiviral gene being studied for its potential role in treating cancer in people who have HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. It is important for patients and caregivers to understand this term in context and discuss with their healthcare team how it might relate to their individual care, rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Revuforj (also called revumenib citrate) is a targeted cancer medicine known as a menin inhibitor. It is approved to treat adults and children aged 1 year and older with acute leukemia that has a specific gene change called KMT2A and has returned or not improved after prior treatment. Revuforj works by blocking a protein involved in leukemia cell growth and is taken by mouth.

Revumenib citrate, sold as Revuforj, is a targeted cancer medicine called a menin inhibitor. It is approved to treat adults and children aged 1 year and older with acute leukemia that has a specific gene change called KMT2A and has returned or not improved after prior treatment. Taken by mouth, it works by blocking a protein involved in leukemia cell growth.

Reye syndrome is a rare but serious illness that mainly affects children and teens recovering from a viral infection. It can cause brain swelling, liver damage, and even coma or death. Taking aspirin during a viral illness increases the risk. Quick diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent lasting harm.

Rezlidhia (olutasidenib) is a medicine taken by mouth to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that has returned or not improved after other treatments and has a specific mutation in the IDH1 gene. It works by blocking a protein made by this mutated gene, which may help slow or stop cancer growth. Rezlidhia is a targeted therapy approved in the United States and is also being studied for other cancers.

Rf-TRICOM, also called Recombinant Fowlpox-TRICOM Vaccine, is a type of cancer vaccine made using a harmless chicken virus. It is designed to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. This vaccine is still being studied and is not a standard treatment. Patients should talk with their care team to understand if and how it relates to their care.

RFS, also called Disease-Free Survival (DFS) or Relapse-Free Survival, is the length of time after cancer treatment during which a person shows no signs or symptoms of that cancer. It helps doctors and researchers track whether cancer has returned and is often used in clinical trials to measure treatment effectiveness. Patients should discuss what RFS means for their individual care with their healthcare team.

RFT5-Dga Immunotoxin, also called IgG-RFT5-dgA, is a laboratory-made medicine studied for treating melanoma that has spread in the body. It combines an antibody with a toxic substance to target and kill certain white blood cells that block the immune system from attacking cancer. Patients may see this term in reports or treatment discussions and should ask their care team how it relates to their care.

RG7204, also known as vemurafenib or Zelboraf, is a targeted cancer drug used to treat certain cancers with a specific change in the BRAF gene called the V600E mutation. It is approved for advanced melanoma and Erdheim-Chester disease. This drug works by blocking proteins made by the mutated gene to help slow or stop cancer growth. You may see RG7204 under several names in medical reports or discussions.

Rhabdoid tumor is a very rare, fast-growing cancer that usually starts in the brain, spinal cord, or kidney, mainly affecting infants and young children. It often grows quickly and needs prompt diagnosis and treatment. This tumor is linked to changes in genes that control cell growth. Understanding the term helps patients and families ask informed questions and work closely with their care team.

Rhabdomyosarcoma is a cancer that starts in soft muscle tissue and can occur anywhere in the body. It most often affects children and teens but can happen at any age. Understanding this term helps patients and caregivers recognize the diagnosis and discuss treatment options with their care team. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Rheumatism is a general term for many conditions that cause pain or inflammation in joints and connective tissues. It includes over 200 disorders such as arthritis and soft tissue pain. Rheumatology is the medical field that diagnoses and treats these conditions. Because rheumatism is not a specific diagnosis, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your individual health.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints. It can affect any joint but often involves the wrists and fingers. RA may lead to joint damage and loss of function over time. There is no cure, but early treatment can help manage symptoms and reduce joint damage, allowing for a productive life.

Rhil-11, also known as Neumega or oprelvekin, is a lab-made medicine that helps increase platelet counts in some cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Platelets are blood cells that help with clotting and prevent bleeding. Rhil-11 supports the body’s natural process to make more platelets and reduce bleeding risks during cancer treatment.

A rhinoscope, also called a nasoscope, is a thin, lighted tube that doctors use to look inside the nose. It helps find and examine unusual growths or problems, especially when symptoms like nasal blockage or bleeding suggest a possible tumor or other abnormality. This tool may also be used to take small tissue samples for testing.

Rhinoscopy, also called nasoscopy, is a medical procedure where a doctor uses a thin, lighted tube called a nasoscope to look inside your nose. It helps find problems like blockages, bleeding, or unusual growths. This exam is often used in cancer care to check for tumors or other abnormal areas inside the nose or nearby regions. Having a rhinoscopy does not mean you have cancer; it is a tool to better understand your symptoms.

Rhizoxin is a substance studied as a possible cancer treatment. It comes from a fungus and works by stopping cancer cells from dividing. It belongs to a group of drugs called antimitotic agents, similar to vinca alkaloids. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your care, as it is not a diagnosis or a standard treatment.

Rhubarb, also known as Chinese Rhubarb, Da-Huang, Indian Rhubarb, or Turkish Rhubarb, is the root of certain plants used in traditional medicine. It may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects but is not a standard or approved cancer treatment. Patients should discuss its use with their healthcare team to understand how it fits into their care and to avoid confusion with similar names.

Riabni is a medicine that contains rituximab, a type of monoclonal antibody. It targets a protein called CD20 found on certain white blood cells (B cells) and some cancer cells. Riabni is used alone or with other treatments to help manage certain blood cancers like B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Patients should always discuss with their care team how Riabni fits into their specific treatment plan.

Ribavirin is a medicine used to treat certain viral infections, including hepatitis C and some viral hemorrhagic fevers. It has also been studied in some cancers, like head and neck cancers and acute myeloid leukemia. Ribavirin may affect how some cancer-related proteins work, but its use and effects vary. Patients should always ask their care team how ribavirin relates to their specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Ribociclib succinate, sold as Kisqali, is a targeted cancer drug used with hormone therapies to treat certain breast cancers that are hormone receptor-positive and HER2-negative. It helps slow or stop cancer cell growth and is used for early breast cancer at high risk of returning, as well as advanced breast cancer that has spread or worsened during hormone therapy.

Ribociclib Succinate and Letrozole, sold together as Kisqali Femara Co-Pack, is a combination of two drugs used to treat certain breast cancers that are hormone receptor positive (HR+) and HER2 negative (HER2-). Ribociclib blocks proteins cancer cells need to grow, while letrozole lowers estrogen levels to slow cancer growth. This combination may work better than either drug alone.

Riboflavin, also called vitamin B2, is a nutrient the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy. It helps make red blood cells, supports enzymes that keep skin, nails, and hair healthy, and is found in foods like milk, eggs, and leafy vegetables. Riboflavin is part of the vitamin B complex and must be taken daily because it dissolves in water and is not stored in the body.

Ribonucleic acid, or RNA, is a molecule made by cells that helps carry genetic information copied from DNA. RNA plays important roles in making proteins and can also be the genetic material for some viruses. You might see RNA mentioned in medical reports or research, so it’s helpful to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors are drugs that block an enzyme cancer cells need to make DNA, which helps them grow and divide. These drugs may slow or stop tumor growth. Some, like 3-AP (Triapine) and MDL 101,731, are experimental and studied in clinical trials. If you hear this term, ask your care team how it relates to your treatment, as it is not a diagnosis or a standard therapy by itself.

A ribosome is a tiny structure inside cells that helps make proteins by linking amino acids together. Proteins are essential for many body functions, including making new blood cells. Changes affecting ribosomes can lead to rare inherited conditions like Diamond-Blackfan anemia, which may increase cancer risk and require careful monitoring and treatment.

Richter Syndrome, also called Richter Transformation, is a rare condition where chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) changes into a faster-growing type of lymphoma. Symptoms may include fever, weight loss, and muscle loss. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan on its own.

Richter Transformation, also called Richter Syndrome, is a rare condition where chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a slow-growing blood cancer, changes into a faster-growing lymphoma. This change can cause new symptoms like fever, weight loss, and muscle loss. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan on its own.

Rick Simpson Oil (RSO) is a concentrated cannabis extract high in THC that some patients and alternative-health communities promote for cancer symptom relief or as a direct anticancer treatment. It is an unapproved, alternative therapy and not part of standard cancer care. Patients should discuss its use carefully with their healthcare team due to potential risks and interactions.

Rick Simpson Oil (RSO) is a concentrated cannabis extract high in THC that some patients and alternative-health communities promote for cancer symptom relief or as a direct anticancer treatment. It is not approved as a cancer therapy and may carry risks, so patients should discuss its use carefully with their healthcare team.

Rickets is a condition in children where bones become soft and weak due to low levels of calcium and phosphorus, often caused by not getting enough vitamin D. It is also called infantile rickets, juvenile rickets, or rachitis. This condition can lead to bone deformities and pain. In adults, a similar condition is called osteomalacia. Understanding rickets can help patients and caregivers discuss bone health and vitamin D with their care team.

Ridaforolimus, also called AP23573, is a drug being studied to treat certain cancers like soft tissue and bone cancers. It works by blocking a protein that helps cancer cells grow and divide. Ridaforolimus is not yet a standard treatment but may be offered in clinical trials for some patients. It may also appear under related names such as AP23573.

Rifabutin, also known by the brand name Mycobutin, is an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis (TB) and to prevent infections caused by certain bacteria in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with advanced HIV/AIDS. It works by stopping bacteria from growing. Rifabutin was approved for use in the United States in 1992 and may be chosen when other similar drugs cannot be taken.

Rifampin is an antibiotic medicine used to treat bacterial infections, including tuberculosis (TB). It is sometimes replaced by rifabutin in people who cannot tolerate it, such as those with HIV/AIDS on certain medications. Common side effects include stomach upset, rash, headache, and low white blood cell counts. If you see this term in your medical records, ask your care team how it relates to your treatment.

Rife Community Dietary Protocols are diet or nutrition plans discussed in relation to cancer care. They focus on supporting nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. These protocols may be mentioned as part of supportive care or alternative cancer treatments. Patients should always discuss such protocols with their healthcare team before use.

A Rife Machine, also called a Frequency Generator, is a device used in alternative health circles. It is claimed to send specific electrical frequencies to the body to help with pain, energy, inflammation, immune support, detoxification, scar healing, or even direct anticancer effects. These claims are not supported by mainstream cancer treatment guidelines and should be approached with caution.

A Rife Machine, also called a Frequency Generator, is a device used in alternative health circles. It claims to send specific electrical frequencies to the body to help with pain, energy, inflammation, immune support, detoxification, scar healing, or even direct anticancer effects. These claims are not supported by mainstream cancer treatment guidelines and should be approached with caution.

The Right To Try Act is a U.S. law that lets patients with serious, life-threatening illnesses try certain experimental drugs that have passed early safety testing but are not yet FDA-approved. It is meant for patients who cannot join clinical trials and have no other treatment options. However, it does not guarantee access to these drugs, nor does it cover treatment costs or protect other care services like hospice.

Rilutek, also known as riluzole, is a medication originally approved to treat a nerve disease called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It works by blocking the release of a substance that some melanoma (skin cancer) cells need to grow. Rilutek may appear in medical reports or discussions, so it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a treatment or diagnosis on its own.

Riluzole, also known as Rilutek, is a medication approved to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a nerve disease. It works by blocking a chemical that some cells, including certain melanoma (skin cancer) cells, need to grow. While mainly used for ALS, riluzole is being studied for possible use in melanoma treatment. If you see this term in your care, ask your healthcare team how it applies to your situation.

Ripretinib, also known by the brand name Qinlock, is a pill used to treat adults with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) that have not responded to at least three other cancer drugs. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow. Patients should talk with their healthcare team about how this medicine fits into their treatment plan and what side effects to expect.

Risedronate is a medicine used to help prevent and treat osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones. It belongs to a group of drugs called bisphosphonates, which slow down the cells that break down bone. Like similar drugs, risedronate may rarely cause a side effect called osteonecrosis of the jaw, especially after dental procedures. Patients should always discuss how risedronate applies to their care with their healthcare team.

Risk assessment is a process used in medicine to estimate the chance that a certain event, like developing cancer, might happen. It involves looking at factors such as age, family history, lifestyle, and environmental exposures. For patients, risk assessment helps understand personal health risks but is not a diagnosis or treatment plan on its own.

A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of developing a disease like cancer. Common cancer risk factors include age, family history, tobacco use, certain infections, and exposure to harmful substances. Knowing your risk factors can help you and your doctor make choices to lower your chances of getting cancer.

A risk group is a way doctors classify children with cancer based on factors like age, cancer stage, and biology. These groups—often called low, intermediate, or high risk—help guide treatment choices and follow-up care. Understanding your child’s risk group can help you talk with the care team about what to expect during treatment and recovery.

A risk model is a tool that uses personal and family health information to estimate a person’s chance of developing a disease, such as cancer. These models use statistics and computer programs to provide risk estimates based on factors like age, medical history, and lifestyle. One example is the Gail Model, which estimates a woman’s risk of invasive breast cancer over the next five years and lifetime.

Risk ratio, also called relative risk, compares the chance of an event like cancer happening in one group to another. A risk ratio of 1 means no difference between groups. A number above 1 suggests increased risk, while below 1 suggests decreased risk. It helps show how exposures or treatments affect cancer risk but doesn’t give the exact chance for an individual.

Risk-reducing mastectomy is a preventive surgery to remove one or both breasts before cancer develops. It is often considered by people at very high risk of breast cancer, such as those with inherited gene mutations like BRCA1 or BRCA2. This surgery can lower breast cancer risk by about 90% but does not completely eliminate it. It may be done with or without nipple preservation and is often followed by breast reconstruction.

Risk-Reducing Oophorectomy, also called prophylactic oophorectomy, is surgery to remove both ovaries, sometimes along with the fallopian tubes, to lower the risk of ovarian and breast cancer. It is often recommended for women with certain inherited gene changes that increase cancer risk. Removing the ovaries reduces hormone levels that can fuel some cancers.

Risperdal, also known as risperidone, is a medication that affects certain brain chemicals. It is used to treat mental health conditions like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and sometimes behavior problems in children. If you see the name Risperdal, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Risperidone, also known by the brand name Risperdal, is a medication used to treat mental health conditions like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and certain behavior problems in children. It works by affecting chemicals in the brain. If you see this name in medical notes, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation, as it is not a cancer treatment but may be used to manage symptoms or side effects.

Ritalin is a medication also known as methylphenidate hydrochloride or Concerta. It is a central nervous system stimulant commonly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In cancer care, it is being studied to help improve brain function and manage symptoms like trouble concentrating or memory problems after cancer treatments. It is not a cancer treatment itself and should be used only under medical supervision.

Ritonavir, sold as Norvir, is a medicine used with other drugs to treat HIV infection. It works by blocking the virus from making copies of itself. Ritonavir is mainly used for HIV but is sometimes studied in cancer care. It can affect how other medicines work, so it’s important to understand its role in your treatment and ask your care team about it.

A ritual is a repeated action or series of actions often done in a religious, social, or personal setting. In cancer care, some patients find comfort in rituals, such as taking certain remedies or following specific diets. It’s important to discuss any rituals or complementary approaches with your healthcare team to ensure they are safe and fit with your treatment plan.

Rituxan is a medicine containing rituximab, a targeted antibody used to treat certain blood cancers like B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It works by attaching to a protein called CD20 on some white blood cells and cancer cells. Rituxan is given by infusion and can cause side effects, so patients should discuss its use and risks with their care team.

Rituxan Hycela is a medicine combining rituximab and hyaluronidase, used to treat certain blood cancers like follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It is given as a quick injection under the skin, which takes less time than the traditional rituximab infusion. Patients may see this name in treatment plans or reports and should ask their care team how it applies to their care.

Rituximab is a medicine used to treat certain blood cancers like non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It works by targeting a protein called CD20 on B cells, a type of white blood cell. Rituximab can cause serious side effects, including severe reactions during infusion, infections, and immune system changes. It is given by infusion and is also being studied for other cancers and conditions.

Rituximab and hyaluronidase (brand name Rituxan Hycela) is a medicine used to treat certain blood cancers like follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It combines rituximab, a targeted therapy, with hyaluronidase, an enzyme that helps deliver the medicine as a quick injection under the skin instead of a longer infusion.

RK-0202 is a substance being studied to help prevent oral mucositis, a painful mouth sore, in people receiving radiation or chemotherapy for head and neck cancer. It is not yet a standard treatment. Patients and caregivers should discuss with their care team how RK-0202 might relate to their individual care rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment recommendation.

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a condition that causes an uncomfortable urge to move the legs, often described as burning, itching, or crawling sensations. These feelings usually occur when resting or lying down, especially at night, and can make it hard to sleep. Moving the legs often helps relieve the discomfort temporarily.

RMP-7, also called Lobradimil, is a drug being studied to help other medicines reach the brain more effectively. It belongs to a group of drugs known as bradykinin agonists. This drug is experimental and not a standard treatment. If you see this term in your medical records or discussions, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a molecule found in all living cells that helps carry out important biological functions. It plays a key role in making proteins and can also act on its own inside cells. RNA is closely related to DNA, the molecule that holds genetic information. Understanding RNA helps explain how some cancer treatments work by targeting the genetic material of cancer cells.

RNA fragments are small pieces of RNA discussed in connection with the Beljanski Protocol, a group of natural plant-based products promoted by some as supportive during cancer treatment. These fragments are claimed to help with blood cell counts and chemotherapy support, but scientific evidence for their safety and effectiveness in people is limited and unproven.

RNA sequencing is a laboratory method that helps doctors and researchers learn which genes are active in cells by reading RNA molecules. It provides a snapshot of gene activity at a specific time, which can help understand diseases like cancer. For patients, it’s important to ask your care team how RNA sequencing results relate to your individual situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Ro 31-7453 is a substance being studied as a possible cancer treatment. It belongs to a group of drugs called cell cycle inhibitors, which may work by stopping cancer cells from dividing. If you see this term, it’s important to discuss with your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Ro 50-3821, also called Methoxypolyethylene Glycol Epoetin Beta, is a lab-made medicine that helps the body produce more red blood cells. It is used to treat anemia, especially in people receiving chemotherapy or with kidney problems. It is not a cancer treatment but supports managing side effects related to low red blood cell counts. Ask your care team how it fits into your treatment plan.

RO4929097 is a drug being studied in clinical trials for several types of cancer, including ovarian, pancreatic, brain, and lung cancers. It works by blocking enzymes that help cancer cells grow and may also reduce blood vessel growth that tumors need. It is not a standard treatment and should be discussed with your care team to understand its relevance to your care.

Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy is a type of surgery that uses a robotic system to remove the entire prostate gland and some nearby tissue through several small cuts in the lower abdomen. This approach helps the surgeon see the area clearly and work precisely. It may also be called robotic laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Patients should discuss with their care team what this surgery means for their specific situation.

Robotic Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy is a type of surgery that uses a robotic system to remove the entire prostate gland and some nearby tissue through several small cuts in the lower abdomen. This approach helps the surgeon see the area clearly and work precisely. It may also be called robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Patients should talk with their care team about what this surgery means for their specific situation.

Rofecoxib, also known as Vioxx, was a pain-relief drug that was removed from the U.S. market due to safety concerns. It was studied for its potential to prevent cancer and block blood vessel growth in tumors. Patients may see this term in medical reports or discussions, but it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it means a specific diagnosis or treatment.

Rolapitant hydrochloride, sold under the brand name Varubi, is a medicine used with other drugs to help prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy in adults. It works by blocking a chemical in the brain that triggers these symptoms. This drug is approved by the FDA and is often part of a combination treatment to improve comfort during cancer therapy.

Roman Chamomile, also called English Chamomile, is a plant with small white daisy-like flowers. Its dried flowers are often used in teas to help calm nerves, improve sleep, and soothe mild stomach problems. The plant’s essential oil is used in perfumes, lotions, and aromatherapy. In cancer care, it may be mentioned as a complementary option for symptom relief but is not a cancer treatment.

Rombo syndrome is a very rare inherited skin disorder that causes bluish-red coloring on the lips, hands, and feet, along with rough skin and small bumps. People with this syndrome have a high risk of developing basal cell skin cancer, often around age 35. Symptoms usually start in childhood, and the exact gene causing it is not known. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your health.

Romidepsin, also known as FR901228 or Istodax, is a cancer drug used to treat certain lymphomas, including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs). It works by blocking enzymes that help cancer cells grow and divide. Romidepsin is given through a vein and is approved for adults who have tried other treatments.

Romiplostim, also known as Nplate or AMG 531, is a medicine that helps increase low platelet counts in adults and some children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) when other treatments haven’t worked. It encourages the bone marrow to make more platelets, which are blood cells that help stop bleeding. It may also appear under related names such as AMG 531, Nplate.

Romvimza (also called Vimseltinib Dihydrate) is a medicine used to treat adults with tenosynovial giant cell tumor, a rare and usually noncancerous tumor that affects the joints. It works by blocking certain proteins that may help slow tumor growth and spread. Romvimza is often used when surgery might cause more harm or serious problems. Patients should talk with their care team about what Romvimza means for their own treatment.

Root canal removal is the process of extracting a tooth that has had a root canal treatment. While some believe root canals may be linked to cancer risk due to chronic infection, routine removal of root-canaled teeth as cancer therapy is not supported by strong scientific evidence. Patients should discuss any concerns about root canals and cancer with their healthcare team to understand what applies to their individual situation.

ROOT Protocols are approaches sometimes discussed in cancer care that involve using certain supplements, repurposed drugs, and supportive therapies. People may explore them for symptom relief, nutrition support, immune help, or to improve quality of life during or after cancer treatment. It’s important to talk with your healthcare team before trying ROOT Protocols, as they may interact with cancer treatments or other health conditions.

Ropeginterferon alfa-2b, also known by the brand name Besremi, is a medicine used to treat adults with polycythemia vera, a blood disorder where the bone marrow makes too many red blood cells. It is a lab-made form of interferon that helps lower red blood cell production and is given by injection. Besremi is also being studied for other diseases and some cancers.

Ropivacaine hydrochloride, also known as Naropin, is a local anesthetic used to numb a specific area of the body during and after surgery. It helps control pain by temporarily blocking nerve signals. While it does not treat cancer itself, it is often used to manage pain after cancer-related surgeries, making recovery more comfortable.

The ROS1 gene makes a protein that helps cells grow and send signals. In some cancers, changes in the ROS1 gene, called fusions, can cause cancer cells to grow uncontrollably. Testing for ROS1 gene changes helps doctors decide if targeted treatments like Augtyro or crizotinib might be options. These treatments focus on blocking the signals from the altered ROS1 gene to slow cancer growth.

A ROS1 inhibitor is a type of targeted cancer drug that blocks an abnormal protein called ROS1 fusion protein found in some cancer cells. These drugs, like crizotinib, are used mainly to treat certain lung cancers with ROS1 gene changes. They may also help in other cancers with similar ROS1 changes. Patients should discuss with their care team how ROS1 inhibitors relate to their specific diagnosis and treatment.

ROS1 positive describes cancer cells that have a change in the ROS1 gene or a ROS1 protein on their surface. This change can affect how the cancer grows. Knowing if a cancer is ROS1 positive helps doctors decide on treatment options, especially for certain lung cancers and other types of tumors. Patients should discuss what this means for their specific case with their care team.

Rosiglitazone maleate, also known as Avandia, is a medicine originally used to help control blood sugar in people with diabetes. It is being studied for its possible role in slowing cancer cell growth and blocking new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. While not a standard cancer treatment, it may come up in research or clinical trials related to cancer care.

Rosuvastatin calcium, also known by the brand name Crestor, is a medication used to lower cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. It helps reduce the risk of heart disease by blocking an enzyme involved in cholesterol production. It may appear in medical records under either name and is part of a group of drugs called statins.

The Roswell Park Regimen is a chemotherapy treatment that combines the drugs fluorouracil and leucovorin calcium. It is mainly used for colorectal cancer and sometimes given with radiation therapy for esophageal or stomach cancer. Patients should discuss with their care team how this regimen fits their specific treatment plan rather than assuming it applies the same way to everyone.

Rotationplasty is a type of surgery used to remove tumors near the knee, often in children or young people who are still growing. After removing the affected knee and part of the thigh, the lower leg is rotated and reattached so the ankle functions as a new knee. Patients then use a prosthetic leg to regain mobility. It is important to discuss with your care team how this surgery might apply to your situation.

Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome (RTS), also called Poikiloderma Congenitale, is a rare inherited condition that affects the skin, bones, hair, and teeth. It often begins in infancy with a red, blistering rash on the face that spreads and causes patchy skin changes. People with RTS have a higher risk of developing certain cancers, especially bone cancer (osteosarcoma) and skin cancers, at a young age.

Rozlytrek (entrectinib) is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat certain lung cancers and solid tumors that have specific genetic changes called ROS1 positivity or NTRK gene fusions. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow. Rozlytrek is approved for adults and children aged 1 month and older with these genetic features and is also being studied for other cancers.

RPI.4610, also called Angiozyme, is an experimental lab-made molecule studied as a cancer treatment. It works by blocking a protein tumors need to grow new blood vessels, potentially slowing tumor growth. It is not yet a standard treatment but may be mentioned during discussions about clinical trials or new therapies targeting blood vessel growth in tumors.

RPLS, also called Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES), is a rare brain condition where parts of the brain swell suddenly. It can cause headaches, vision changes, seizures, confusion, and weakness. Often linked to high blood pressure, kidney problems, infections, autoimmune diseases, or certain cancer treatments, symptoms usually improve with prompt medical care.

RPR 109881A is a drug being studied for cancer treatment. It belongs to a group of medicines called taxanes, which work by interfering with cancer cell growth. This drug is still under research and not yet widely used in standard cancer care. Understanding it can help patients recognize new treatment options being explored in clinical trials.

Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare condition where wart-like growths called papillomas develop in the airways, especially the voice box and vocal cords. These growths can cause hoarseness, chronic cough, swallowing difficulties, and breathing problems. RRP is caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) and often requires repeated treatment because the growths tend to come back after removal.

Rick Simpson Oil (RSO) is a cannabis-based product promoted by some as an alternative cancer treatment or supportive care option. It is not approved by medical authorities for cancer prevention or treatment. Patients should discuss its use carefully with their healthcare team, as evidence is limited and safety concerns exist.

RSR13, also known as efaproxiral, is a drug studied to help cancer treatment by increasing oxygen levels in tumor tissues. It is a radiosensitizing agent, meaning it may make tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. While it has been researched mainly for brain tumors and some other cancers, efaproxiral is not a standard treatment and has not shown clear benefits in clinical trials.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a common virus that causes infections in the lungs and breathing passages. It usually leads to cold-like symptoms but can be more serious for infants, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems, including some cancer patients. If RSV appears in your medical information, ask your care team how it relates to your health or treatment.

RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a lab test that changes RNA into DNA and then makes many copies of that DNA. This helps doctors find changes or activity in genes, which can assist in diagnosing diseases like cancer or monitoring infections such as HIV. It is a tool used in testing, not a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

RTA 744 is a substance being studied to treat adult brain tumors. It works by blocking an enzyme called topoisomerase II, which cancer cells need to grow. RTA 744 can cross into the brain, which is important for treating brain tumors. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

The RTEL1 gene makes a protein that helps protect the ends of chromosomes and repair DNA. Changes (mutations) in this gene can cause a rare inherited condition called dyskeratosis congenita, which affects the skin, nails, and mouth. People with these mutations may have a higher risk of bone marrow problems, lung scarring, and some cancers. If you see this term, ask your care team what it means for you or your loved one.

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are proteins found on the surface of cells that help control important cell functions like growth, division, and survival. Sometimes, changes in RTKs can cause cells to grow uncontrollably, which may lead to cancer. Certain cancer treatments work by blocking these proteins to slow or stop cancer growth. RTK may also appear as receptor tyrosine kinase in medical reports.

Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS), also called poikiloderma congenitale, is a rare inherited disorder that mainly affects the skin, eyes, bones, hair, and teeth. It often starts with a red, blistering rash on the face in infancy and can increase the risk of certain cancers, especially bone and skin cancers. Understanding RTS in your medical reports is important, and discussing it with your care team helps clarify what it means for you or your loved one.

RU 486, also known as Mifeprex or mifepristone, is a medication that blocks the hormone progesterone. It is commonly used to end early pregnancies and is being studied for treating some types of cancer. If you see this term in your medical information, ask your healthcare team how it applies to your specific situation to avoid confusion.

Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome is a rare genetic condition that causes distinctive physical features like broad thumbs and toes, short stature, and learning difficulties. People with this syndrome have a higher risk of certain cancers, including some types of leukemia and brain tumors. It also may involve heart, kidney, eye, and dental problems. Understanding how it affects each person is important for care decisions.

Rubraca (also called rucaparib or AG014699) is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat certain prostate and ovarian cancers. It works by blocking an enzyme called PARP-1, which helps cancer cells repair damaged DNA. By stopping this repair, Rubraca may help slow or stop cancer growth. It is often used when cancers have specific genetic changes, such as BRCA mutations, and may be part of personalized treatment plans or clinical trials.

Rucaparib camsylate, also known as Rubraca or AG014699, is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat certain prostate and ovarian cancers. It works by blocking an enzyme that helps cancer cells repair damaged DNA, which may slow or stop cancer growth. It is often used when cancers have specific genetic changes, such as BRCA mutations, and may be part of personalized treatment plans or clinical trials.

Ruxience is a medicine containing rituximab, a targeted antibody used to treat certain blood cancers like B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It works by attaching to a protein called CD20 found on some white blood cells and cancer cells. Ruxience is given by infusion and can cause side effects, so patients should discuss its use and risks with their care team.

Ruxolitinib phosphate, also known as Jakafi, is a medicine used to treat certain bone marrow diseases like myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera, especially when other treatments have not worked well. It works by blocking a protein called JAK that helps abnormal blood cells grow. It is also being studied for use in some types of cancer and immune-related conditions.

Rv-TRICOM, also called Recombinant Vaccinia-TRICOM Vaccine or Vaccinia-TRICOM Vaccine, is a type of cancer vaccine made from a harmless vaccinia virus. It is designed to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. This vaccine is still being studied in clinical trials and is not a standard treatment. Patients should ask their care team how it relates to their care if they see this term.

Rybrevant, also known as amivantamab, is a targeted medicine used to treat adults with a type of lung cancer called non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that has spread and has a specific gene change called an abnormal EGFR gene. It works by blocking proteins on cancer cells to help stop their growth. Rybrevant may be used alone or with other drugs, especially when other treatments have not worked or the cancer has returned.

Rydapt, also known as midostaurin, is a targeted cancer medicine used mainly to treat certain blood cancers in adults. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow and may be used with chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with specific gene mutations and some rare mast cell diseases.

Rylaze is a cancer medicine used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma in adults and children. It contains an enzyme that breaks down asparagine, a nutrient some cancer cells need to grow. Rylaze is especially important for patients who cannot use a similar drug made from E. coli bacteria. It is given with other cancer treatments to help stop cancer growth while managing side effects and safety.

Rytelo, also known as imetelstat sodium, is a medication used to treat certain adults with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) who have anemia requiring frequent blood transfusions and have not responded to other treatments. It works by blocking an enzyme called telomerase, which helps some cancer cells grow and divide. Rytelo is given through an intravenous infusion and is a targeted cancer therapy.