V Glossary Terms

VAC is a chemotherapy treatment combining three drugs—vincristine sulfate, dactinomycin (also called actinomycin-D), and cyclophosphamide. It is used mainly to treat certain childhood cancers like rhabdomyosarcoma and some ovarian germ cell tumors. The term VAC or VAC regimen may appear in medical reports, and it’s important to understand it as part of a treatment plan rather than a diagnosis.

VAC regimen is a chemotherapy treatment combining three drugs—vincristine sulfate, dactinomycin (also called actinomycin-D), and cyclophosphamide. It is mainly used to treat certain childhood cancers like rhabdomyosarcoma and some ovarian germ cell tumors. The term VAC or VAC regimen may appear in medical reports and refers to a drug combination, not a diagnosis or treatment recommendation by itself.

VAC-IE is a chemotherapy treatment combining five drugs used mainly to treat Ewing sarcoma and some other sarcomas. It includes vincristine, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), cyclophosphamide, followed by ifosfamide and etoposide. The term may appear as VAC-IE regimen, Vadriac-IE, or similar names. It is important to ask your care team how this treatment applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or a fixed plan.

The VAC-IE regimen is a chemotherapy treatment combining five drugs used mainly to treat Ewing sarcoma and some other sarcomas. It includes vincristine, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), cyclophosphamide, followed by ifosfamide and etoposide. This drug combination may appear under related names like Vadriac-IE. It is important to ask your care team how it applies to your specific situation.

VACB, or Vacuum-Assisted Core Biopsy, is a procedure used to remove a small tissue sample from the breast using a hollow needle guided by imaging and gentle vacuum suction. It helps doctors check for signs of disease with minimal scarring and no stitches. The term may appear under related names like vacuum-assisted biopsy, so it’s important to ask your care team what it means for you personally.

Being vaccinated means receiving a vaccine to help protect your body from certain infections. Vaccines can lower the risk of infections like human papillomavirus (HPV), which is linked to some cancers, including cervical cancer. Vaccination is especially important for people with weakened immune systems and can be part of a plan to reduce cancer risk and complications during cancer care.

Vaccination is a way to help your immune system protect you from certain diseases. It involves receiving a vaccine, which contains a weakened or inactive part of a germ or virus. Vaccines prepare your body to fight infections without causing the illness. In cancer care, vaccines may be important to prevent infections or support your immune system during treatment.

A vaccine is a substance that helps the immune system recognize and fight cancer cells or infections. Cancer treatment vaccines are used in people who already have cancer to help the body attack cancer cells. These vaccines may cause side effects like flu-like symptoms or allergic reactions. They work by targeting substances found on cancer cells, helping the immune system destroy them.

A vaccine adjuvant is a substance added to vaccines to help the immune system respond more strongly. By boosting the body’s reaction to the vaccine, adjuvants can improve protection against diseases. Common adjuvants include aluminum salts and certain plant-based compounds. If you see this term in your care, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your specific vaccine or treatment.

Vaccine therapy is a type of cancer treatment that helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. It uses substances to stimulate the body’s natural defenses to destroy tumors. Some vaccines are made from a patient’s own cancer cells, while others use viruses or proteins to trigger an immune response. Side effects can include flu-like symptoms and, rarely, more serious reactions. Always ask your care team how vaccine therapy applies to your specific situation.

Dissolving Illusions / Vaccine-Critical Historical Claims refers to ideas that question vaccine safety and effectiveness, suggesting that improvements in sanitation and nutrition, rather than vaccines, led to declines in infectious diseases. In cancer care, these claims may arise in discussions about symptom relief, immune support, nutrition, or complementary approaches. It is important to talk with your healthcare team before considering related methods to ensure safety and coordination with cancer treatments.

The vaccinia CEA vaccine is a type of vaccine designed to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells that produce carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a protein found on some tumors. It uses a modified vaccinia virus, related to the smallpox vaccine virus, to carry the CEA gene. Patients should discuss with their care team how this vaccine might relate to their specific situation.

Vaccinia-TRICOM Vaccine, also called Recombinant Vaccinia-TRICOM Vaccine or Rv-TRICOM, is a type of cancer vaccine made from a harmless vaccinia virus. It is designed to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. This vaccine is still being studied in clinical trials and is not yet a standard treatment. Patients should ask their care team how it relates to their care.

Vacuum aspiration, also called suction aspiration or suction evacuation, is a surgical procedure where the cervix is gently opened and a vacuum is used to remove tissue from the uterus. It is commonly used for early pregnancy care, such as managing miscarriage, ending an early pregnancy, or collecting uterine tissue samples. The terms suction aspiration, suction evacuation, and vacuum aspiration all refer to the same procedure.

Vacuum-Assisted Biopsy (also called VACB or vacuum-assisted core biopsy) is a procedure to remove a small sample of breast tissue using a hollow needle connected to a gentle vacuum. Guided by imaging, it helps doctors check for signs of disease with minimal scarring and usually no stitches. It is one of several biopsy methods used to investigate breast changes and is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Vacuum-Assisted Core Biopsy (VACB) is a procedure to remove a small sample of breast tissue using a hollow needle connected to gentle vacuum suction. Guided by imaging, it helps doctors check for signs of disease with minimal scarring and usually no stitches. It is one of several biopsy methods used to investigate breast changes and is not a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Vadriac is a name for a chemotherapy combination used mainly to treat certain sarcomas, including Ewing sarcoma. It includes the drugs vincristine, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), and cyclophosphamide. Sometimes, related terms like Vadriac-IE or VAC-IE are used for similar drug combinations. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to ask the care team how this term applies to their specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Vadriac Regimen is a chemotherapy treatment combining three drugs—vincristine, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), and cyclophosphamide—used mainly to treat certain sarcomas like Ewing sarcoma. It is a name for a drug combination, not a diagnosis or a fixed treatment plan. Patients should ask their care team how this term applies to their specific situation.

Vadriac-IE, also called VAC-IE or VAC-IE regimen, is a chemotherapy treatment combining five drugs used mainly to treat certain sarcomas like Ewing sarcoma. It includes vincristine, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), cyclophosphamide, followed by ifosfamide and etoposide. It is important to ask your care team how this treatment applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or a fixed plan.

Vadriac-IE Regimen, also called VAC-IE, is a chemotherapy treatment combining five drugs used mainly to treat certain sarcomas like Ewing sarcoma. It includes vincristine, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), cyclophosphamide, followed by ifosfamide and etoposide. It is important to ask your care team how this treatment applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or a fixed plan.

The vagina, also called the birth canal, is a muscular tube that connects the uterus (womb) to the outside of the body. It plays an important role in childbirth, sexual activity, and menstrual flow. In cancer care, the vagina can be involved in conditions like vaginal or cervical cancer, and understanding its role helps with diagnosis and treatment.

Vaginal refers to anything related to the vagina, the canal leading from the cervix to the outside of the body. Vaginal cancer is a rare cancer that can often be treated successfully if found early. It may be linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and vaccines against HPV can help reduce risk. Symptoms can include unusual bleeding, lumps, or pain, but early stages often have no symptoms.

Vaginal atrophy, also called atrophic vaginitis, happens when the lining of the vagina becomes thin, dry, and irritated because of lower estrogen levels. This condition often occurs after menopause or as a side effect of cancer treatments that affect hormones. Symptoms may include vaginal dryness, itching, burning, and pain during sex. Understanding vaginal atrophy can help you talk with your care team about managing these symptoms.

Vaginal cancer is a rare cancer that starts in the tissues of the vagina, the canal leading from the cervix to the outside of the body. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma, which begins in the thin, flat cells lining the vagina. Early detection often leads to successful treatment, which may include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV) can help reduce the risk of vaginal cancer.

Vaginal dilation therapy is a method used to help prevent the vagina from narrowing or closing after radiation treatment to the pelvic area. It involves gently inserting a smooth, tube-like device called a dilator into the vagina. This therapy is often discussed in cancer care, but whether it is needed or recommended depends on each person’s situation. Always talk with your care team about what this means for you.

Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) is a condition where abnormal cells are found in the lining of the vagina. These cells are not cancer but may develop into cancer if untreated. VAIN is related to vaginal cancer, which is staged from I to IV based on how far it has spread. Treatment and monitoring depend on the stage and other factors. Vaginal cancer can sometimes come back after treatment.

Vaginal stenosis is a condition where the vagina becomes narrower, shorter, and less elastic, often due to radiation therapy or surgery for cancers in the pelvic area. It can cause discomfort or pain during sex or pelvic exams. Women over 50 and those treated for cervical or endometrial cancer may have a higher risk. Managing symptoms and discussing concerns with your care team is important for quality of life.

A vaginectomy is surgery to remove part or all of the vagina. It is often done to treat vaginal cancer or cancer that has spread to vaginal tissue. The surgery can be partial or total, depending on the size and location of the cancer. Vaginectomy may also be part of gender-affirming surgery for some transgender people. Always ask your care team how this term applies to your specific situation.

Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) is a condition where abnormal cells are found in the lining of the vagina. These cells are not cancer but may develop into cancer if left untreated. VAIN is considered a precancerous change and is related to vaginal cancer, which is staged from I to IV based on how far it has spread. Treatment and monitoring depend on the severity and other health factors.

Valacyclovir is an antiviral medicine used to treat infections caused by herpes viruses, such as cold sores, genital herpes, and shingles. It can also help prevent certain viral infections in people with weakened immune systems, including some cancer patients. It is taken by mouth and may cause side effects like headache or upset stomach. Always ask your care team how valacyclovir applies to your specific situation.

Valchlor is a chemotherapy medicine applied to the skin to treat early-stage mycosis fungoides, a type of skin lymphoma. Also known as mechlorethamine hydrochloride or Mustine, it works by damaging cancer cells’ DNA to help stop their growth. It is usually used after other skin treatments and is being studied for other cancers.

Valdecoxib is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) once used to treat arthritis and painful menstrual symptoms. It was studied for managing pain related to cancer treatment but was withdrawn from the U.S. market due to safety concerns. Patients should discuss with their care team how valdecoxib might relate to their care rather than assuming it is a current treatment option.

Valerian is a plant whose roots have been used as a natural sedative to help with relaxation and sleep. It is known by many names, including garden heliotrope, garden valerian, Indian valerian, Mexican valerian, Pacific valerian, Valeriana officinalis, and Valerianae radix. Researchers are studying valerian to see if it can improve sleep for cancer patients undergoing treatment.

Valeriana officinalis, also known as garden heliotrope, garden valerian, Indian valerian, Mexican valerian, and Pacific valerian, is a plant whose roots have traditionally been used as a natural sedative to help with relaxation and sleep. It is being studied to see if it can improve sleep for cancer patients undergoing treatment.

Valerianae Radix is a plant whose roots have been used as a natural sedative to help with relaxation and sleep. It is also known by many other names, including garden heliotrope, garden valerian, Indian valerian, Mexican valerian, Pacific valerian, and Valeriana officinalis. Researchers are studying it to see if it can improve sleep for cancer patients undergoing treatment.

Valganciclovir is an antiviral medicine taken by mouth to treat or prevent infections caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV), especially in people with weakened immune systems such as those with HIV/AIDS or organ transplants. It works by slowing the growth of the virus but does not cure it. Patients should discuss with their care team how this medicine fits their treatment plan.

Valium, also known as diazepam, is a medication used to relieve anxiety, muscle spasms, and tension. It belongs to a group of drugs called benzodiazepines, which help calm the brain and nervous system. In cancer care, Valium may be prescribed to ease symptoms like anxiety or muscle stiffness but does not treat cancer itself. Always ask your healthcare team how this medicine fits your personal care.

Valproic acid, also known by brand names like Depakene and Stavzor, is a medication mainly used to treat seizures, bipolar disorder, and to prevent migraines. It is being studied for possible use in cancer care because it may slow cancer cell growth and block blood vessel growth in tumors. Patients may see different names for this drug, so it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Valrubicin, also known as AD 32 or Valstar, is a chemotherapy medicine used to treat a specific early form of bladder cancer called carcinoma in situ when it does not improve after initial treatment with BCG. It is given directly into the bladder through a catheter and may help patients who cannot have surgery right away.

Valstar, also known as valrubicin or AD 32, is a chemotherapy medicine used to treat a specific early form of bladder cancer called carcinoma in situ when it does not improve after initial treatment with BCG. It is given directly into the bladder through a catheter and may help patients who cannot have surgery right away.

Value-based pricing is a way of setting healthcare costs based on the quality and benefits of care, rather than the number of services provided. This approach aims to give patients access to better treatments at lower costs, potentially reducing financial stress. Patients should ask their care team how value-based pricing affects their own care, rather than assuming it dictates treatment choices.

VAMP is a chemotherapy treatment used mainly for children with low-risk Hodgkin lymphoma. It combines four drugs—vincristine, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), methotrexate, and prednisone—to attack cancer cells in different ways. Often given alongside radiation therapy, this combination helps improve treatment effectiveness. VAMP is one of the earlier chemotherapy regimens and has influenced modern cancer treatments.

The VAMP regimen is a combination chemotherapy treatment used mainly for children with low-risk Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes four drugs—vincristine, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), methotrexate, and prednisone—that work together to attack cancer cells in different ways. Often given with radiation therapy, VAMP has helped shape modern cancer treatments and remains an option in some cases today.

Vancomycin is an antibiotic used to treat serious bacterial infections, especially those caused by bacteria resistant to other antibiotics like MRSA. It is given by injection or by mouth for certain infections. Patients and caregivers should always ask their healthcare team how vancomycin applies to their specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan on its own.

Vandetanib, also known by the brand name Caprelsa, is a targeted cancer medicine used to treat advanced medullary thyroid cancer that cannot be removed by surgery or has spread to other parts of the body. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow and by stopping the growth of new blood vessels tumors need to survive. Vandetanib was the first drug approved by the FDA for this use in adults.

Vanflyta, also known as quizartinib dihydrochloride, is a medicine used to treat adults with a type of blood cancer called acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that has a specific mutation in the FLT3 gene. It is given with chemotherapy and then alone to help keep the cancer from growing. Vanflyta is part of a special safety program and is approved for patients whose cancer tests positive for this mutation.

Vantas is a hormone therapy implant containing histrelin acetate, used mainly to slow the growth of advanced prostate cancer by lowering testosterone levels. It works by blocking hormones that signal the testicles to produce testosterone. Vantas is a reversible treatment and has been used since 2005 in the US. Patients should discuss with their care team how Vantas applies to their specific situation.

Vaporized means changing a solid or liquid into a gas or vapor, usually by heating. In everyday talk, it can also mean something is destroyed or broken into tiny pieces by heat or explosions. In cancer care, if you see this word, ask your care team what it means for you, as it’s not a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Vapreotide (Sanvar) is a man-made drug similar to somatostatin, a natural hormone. It is mainly used to treat bleeding in the esophagus caused by liver disease and diarrhea related to AIDS. Vapreotide is also being studied as a possible treatment for cancer. Patients should discuss with their care team how it might apply to their specific situation.

Varenicline tartrate, also known as Chantix, is a medication that helps people stop smoking by reducing cravings and easing withdrawal symptoms. It works on the brain’s nicotine receptors to lower the urge to smoke. Quitting tobacco is important for cancer prevention and overall health. Chantix is often used together with counseling and support to improve chances of quitting successfully.

Variable expressivity describes how the signs and symptoms of a genetic condition can vary in severity or type among different people who have the same gene change. For example, some individuals with a genetic condition may have mild symptoms, while others have more serious health issues. It is different from penetrance, which refers to whether any symptoms appear at all.

A variant is a change in the DNA of a cell. In cancer care, variants may be found in cancer cells or inherited genes. Some variants can affect cancer risk or treatment choices. Genetic testing can identify these changes, but not all variants are well understood. It’s important to discuss what a variant means for you with your healthcare team rather than assuming it defines your diagnosis or treatment.

A Variant of Uncertain Significance (VUS), also called an unclassified variant or variant of unknown significance, is a change found in a gene’s DNA through genetic testing. Its effect on health or cancer risk is not yet known. This means doctors don’t have enough information to say if the variant is harmful or harmless. If you see this term in your test results, it’s important to discuss it with your healthcare team.

A Variant of Unknown Significance (VUS), also called an unclassified variant or variant of uncertain significance, is a change found in a gene’s DNA through genetic testing. Its effect on health or cancer risk is not yet known. This means doctors don’t have enough information to say if the variant is harmful or harmless. If you see this term in your test results, it’s important to discuss it with your healthcare team.

Varicella, also known as chickenpox, is a highly contagious viral infection that causes an itchy rash with small blisters. It usually affects children but can occur at any age. In cancer care, people with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy, are at higher risk for severe illness from varicella. Vaccination helps protect against this infection.

Varicose veins are enlarged, twisted veins that most often appear in the legs. They happen when vein valves don’t work properly or vein walls weaken, causing blood to pool. Symptoms can include pain, swelling, and visible bulging veins. Treatments range from lifestyle changes to medical procedures like sclerotherapy or radiofrequency ablation. If you notice symptoms, it’s important to discuss them with your healthcare team to find the best care for you.

Varubi (rolapitant hydrochloride) is a medicine used with other drugs to help prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy in adults. It works by blocking a chemical in the brain that triggers these symptoms, making cancer treatment more comfortable. Varubi is approved by the FDA and is often part of a combination treatment to reduce delayed nausea and vomiting after chemotherapy.

VAS, or Visual Analog Scale, is a simple tool used to help people describe how much pain or other sensations they feel. It usually looks like a straight line with one end meaning no pain and the other end meaning the worst pain imaginable. Patients mark a spot on the line that matches their feeling. It helps doctors understand symptoms and decide on treatments but should always be discussed in context with the care team.

The vas deferens is a tube in males that carries sperm from the testicles toward the urethra. It is part of the spermatic cord, which also contains blood vessels and nerves, running from the abdomen down to each testicle. If you see this term in your medical records, ask your care team how it relates to your diagnosis or treatment, rather than assuming it means a specific condition.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is a protein made by cells that helps new blood vessels grow. Tumors often need new blood vessels to get oxygen and nutrients, so VEGF can play a role in cancer growth. Some treatments work by blocking VEGF or its receptors to slow or stop tumor growth.

A Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (VEGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor) is a substance that blocks an enzyme important for forming new blood vessels. This type of medicine may be mentioned in cancer care because tumors need blood vessels to grow. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Trap (VEGF Trap), also known as Zaltrap or ziv-aflibercept, is a drug used with other medicines to treat colorectal cancer that has spread and not improved with other chemotherapy. It works by blocking a protein called VEGF, which tumors need to grow new blood vessels. This may help slow or stop tumor growth. It is also being studied for other cancers.

Vascular endothelial growth factor-antisense oligonucleotide (VEGF-AS) is a substance studied in cancer treatment that blocks cells from making VEGF, a protein that helps tumors grow new blood vessels. By stopping VEGF production, it may help slow or stop tumor growth. This term may appear under related names like VEGF-AS, so checking exact wording in medical reports can help avoid confusion.

The vascular system is the network of blood and lymph vessels that moves blood and lymph throughout your body. It carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste between your heart and organs. In cancer care, your healthcare team may monitor this system closely because some treatments can affect your heart and blood vessels. Understanding this term helps you ask questions about your heart and circulation during treatment.

A vascular tumor is a growth made from cells that form blood or lymph vessels. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and may appear on the skin, under the skin, or inside organs. Understanding the type and behavior of a vascular tumor is important because some can be mistaken for cancer or cause other health issues. Always ask your care team what the term means for your specific situation.

A vascularized autologous bone graft is bone tissue with its own blood vessels, taken from one part of a person’s body and used to replace damaged or diseased bone in another part of the same person’s body. It helps support healing by keeping the bone alive through its blood supply. Patients should discuss with their care team how this applies to their specific situation.

Vascularized Lymph Node Transfer (VLNT), also called lymphovenous transplant, is a surgery to help reduce swelling caused by lymphedema. Healthy lymph nodes and vessels are moved from one part of the body, such as the neck, abdomen, or groin, to an area with damaged lymph nodes, often an arm or leg. This can improve lymph flow and relieve symptoms.

A vasectomy is a minor surgery for permanent birth control in men. It works by cutting or blocking the tubes that carry sperm, preventing pregnancy. It does not affect sex drive or the risk of testicular cancer. After the procedure, doctors test semen to confirm no sperm remain. Vasectomy does not protect against sexually transmitted infections and may be discussed in cancer care when birth control or fertility is a concern.

Vasoactive refers to substances or tumors that affect blood vessels by making them widen or narrow. A very rare tumor called a VIP-producing neuroendocrine tumor (or vipoma) forms in the pancreas and makes a hormone called vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). This hormone influences digestion and blood flow. If you see the term vasoactive in your care, ask your medical team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment.

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a hormone made in the pancreas, intestines, and nervous system. It helps control digestion by relaxing muscles in the digestive tract and regulating the secretion of water, salts, and stomach acid. Rare tumors called VIP-producing neuroendocrine tumors (vipomas) can make too much VIP, causing symptoms like watery diarrhea, dehydration, and abdominal pain. If you see VIP mentioned in your care, ask your medical team what it means for you.

Vasomotor refers to the natural changes in the size of blood vessels, which can affect blood flow and body temperature. In cancer care, vasomotor symptoms often relate to hot flashes and night sweats, especially during menopause or hormone-related treatments. Understanding vasomotor changes helps patients and caregivers discuss symptoms and treatment options with their care team.

Vasopressin, also called antidiuretic hormone or arginine vasopressin, is a natural hormone made by the brain that helps control water balance and blood pressure. In cancer care, some tumors may produce too much vasopressin, causing the body to hold extra water and lower salt levels. Understanding this hormone’s role can help patients and caregivers discuss symptoms and treatment with their care team.

Vatalanib, also known as PTK787 or PTK787/ZK 222584, is a drug being studied for cancer treatment. It works by blocking signals that help tumors grow new blood vessels, a process called angiogenesis. Taken by mouth, it has been tested mainly in colorectal cancer but is not yet a standard treatment. Patients should ask their care team how it relates to their care if they see this term.

VB4-845, also called Proxinium or Anti-EpCAM-Pseudomonas-Exotoxin fusion protein, is an experimental targeted treatment studied for some head and neck cancers. It combines an antibody fragment that attaches to a protein on cancer cells with a bacterial toxin that may help kill those cells. This treatment is mainly available through clinical trials and is not yet a standard therapy.

Vectibix, also called panitumumab or ABX-EGF, is a targeted medicine used to treat certain colorectal cancers that have spread to other parts of the body. It works by blocking a protein called EGFR on cancer cells, which may help slow or stop cancer growth. Doctors often test tumors for specific gene changes before using this drug to help decide if it might be effective.

A vegan is a person who does not eat any animal products, including meat, eggs, and dairy. Vegan diets are being studied for their possible role in preventing and managing some cancers. Because cancer patients often have special health needs, it’s important to discuss any diet changes with your care team to ensure safety and proper nutrition during treatment.

The Vegan Anti-Cancer Diet is a plant-based eating approach discussed in cancer care for its potential effects on nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune health, and treatment tolerance. It is sometimes considered as supportive care or an alternative approach, but patients should always consult their healthcare team before making diet changes during cancer treatment.

A Vegetarian Cancer Recovery Diet is a nutrition plan focused on plant-based foods that some patients and caregivers consider during cancer treatment or recovery. It is discussed for its potential effects on nutrition, metabolism, inflammation, digestion, immune support, and treatment tolerance. Before starting such a diet, it’s important to consult healthcare providers to ensure it fits individual medical needs and treatment plans.

VEGF, or vascular endothelial growth factor, is a protein made by cells that helps new blood vessels form. It plays a role in normal body processes like healing and growth, but can also affect cancer by helping tumors grow new blood vessels. Patients may see VEGF mentioned in test results or treatment plans, especially when discussing drugs that block blood vessel growth to slow cancer.

VEGF Trap, also known as Zaltrap or ziv-aflibercept, is a drug used with other medicines to treat colorectal cancer that has spread and not improved with other chemotherapy. It works by blocking a protein called VEGF, which tumors need to grow new blood vessels. This may help slow or stop tumor growth. It is also being studied for other types of cancer.

VEGF-AS (vascular endothelial growth factor-antisense oligonucleotide) is a substance studied in cancer treatment that blocks cells from making VEGF, a protein tumors need to grow new blood vessels. By stopping VEGF production, VEGF-AS may help slow or stop tumor growth. It is still under research and may appear in medical reports or clinical trials under related names.

A VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor is a type of medicine that blocks an enzyme needed to form new blood vessels. Tumors often need new blood vessels to grow, so these inhibitors can help slow cancer growth. If you see this term in your medical information, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment plan.

VEGFR-2 Inhibitor CT-322, also called Angiocept or CT-322, is an experimental cancer drug that works by blocking a protein tumors need to grow new blood vessels. By stopping blood vessel growth, it aims to slow or stop tumor growth. It is still being studied and is not yet a standard treatment, usually available only through clinical trials.

A vein is a type of blood vessel that carries blood from the body’s tissues and organs back to the heart. Veins play an important role in circulation and can be involved in health issues like blood clots, which may affect cancer care and overall health. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

VeIP is a chemotherapy treatment combining three drugs—vinblastine sulfate, ifosfamide, and cisplatin—used mainly for advanced ovarian and testicular germ cell cancers. It may appear as VeIP or VeIP Regimen in medical reports. Patients should discuss with their care team how this treatment applies to their specific situation rather than assuming it defines their diagnosis or plan.

VeIP Regimen is a chemotherapy treatment combining three drugs—vinblastine sulfate, ifosfamide, and cisplatin—used mainly for advanced ovarian and testicular germ cell cancers. It is a drug combination name, not a diagnosis. Patients should discuss with their care team how this treatment applies to their specific situation and what to expect.

Velafermin is a type of drug called recombinant human fibroblast growth factor (rhFGF). It is being studied to help prevent and treat oral mucositis, which are painful mouth sores that can happen during high-dose chemotherapy. Patients should talk with their care team about what Velafermin means for their specific situation rather than assuming it is a treatment recommendation.

Velban is a chemotherapy drug containing vinblastine sulfate, used to treat various cancers. The Velban brand is no longer available. It is often part of combination treatments like VeIP, which includes vinblastine, ifosfamide, and cisplatin, mainly for advanced ovarian and testicular cancers. Patients should discuss with their care team how Velban or related treatments apply to their specific situation.

Velcade, also known as bortezomib or PS-341, is a cancer medicine used to treat adults with certain blood cancers, including multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. It works by blocking enzymes called proteasomes, which helps stop cancer cells from growing and may kill them. Velcade is given by injection and is often part of treatment plans when other therapies have been tried.

Veliparib, also called ABT-888, is a drug being studied to treat certain cancers, especially breast cancers linked to BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations. It works by blocking an enzyme that helps repair damaged DNA, which may cause cancer cells to die. Veliparib is still under research and is not yet a standard treatment.

Veltuzumab is a laboratory-made protein called a monoclonal antibody being studied to treat certain types of lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system. It works by attaching to a protein called CD20 found on some immune cells and lymphoma cells, helping the immune system recognize and kill cancer cells. It is also known by other names such as Ha20, HCD20, and IMMU-106.

Vemurafenib, also known as Zelboraf, is a targeted cancer drug used to treat certain cancers with a specific change in the BRAF gene called the V600E mutation. It is approved for advanced melanoma and Erdheim-Chester disease. Vemurafenib works by blocking proteins made by the mutated gene to help slow or stop cancer growth. It may appear under other names like PLX4032 or RG7204.

The vena cava is the largest vein in the body, carrying blood back to the heart. It has two parts: the superior vena cava, which brings blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest, and the inferior vena cava, which carries blood from the legs, abdomen, and pelvis. It plays an important role in circulation and can be involved in cancer-related conditions.

Venclexta (venetoclax) is a medicine used to treat adults with certain blood cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It works by helping to kill cancer cells. Common side effects include low blood counts, nausea, diarrhea, infections, and tiredness. It may be used alone or with other cancer drugs.

Venetoclax (brand names Venclexta, Venclyxto) is a medicine used to treat certain blood cancers in adults, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It works by helping to kill cancer cells. Common side effects include low blood counts, nausea, diarrhea, infections, and tiredness. It may be used alone or with other cancer drugs.

Venipuncture, also called blood draw or phlebotomy, is a common procedure where a needle is used to take blood from a vein, usually in the arm. In cancer care, blood draws help doctors diagnose the disease, check blood counts, and monitor how treatments are working. The procedure is quick and generally safe, though you may feel a brief pinch or mild bruising afterward.

Venlafaxine, also known by the brand name Effexor, is a medication used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and hot flashes. It works by increasing brain chemicals called serotonin and norepinephrine to help improve mood. It is prescribed carefully to reduce risks, including overdose, and may appear under different names in medical records.

Venography is a medical imaging test that uses X-rays and a special dye to look at the veins in your body. It helps doctors see how blood flows through your veins and can find problems like blood clots or vein blockages. This test is sometimes used when other imaging tests are not enough to understand vein issues.

A venous catheter is a thin, flexible tube placed into a vein to give medicines, fluids, or blood transfusions, and to take blood samples. It helps avoid repeated needle sticks. There are different types, including peripheral venous catheters placed in veins of the arm or hand, and central venous catheters placed in larger veins near the heart. These devices are commonly used during cancer treatment and other medical care.

Venous sampling is a medical procedure where blood is taken from a specific vein to check for substances made by nearby organs. It helps doctors find the source of certain hormone problems, such as in the adrenal glands. This test can guide treatment decisions, like surgery, especially for conditions causing high blood pressure and other symptoms. Patients should ask their care team how venous sampling relates to their own health.

A ventilator is a medical machine that helps a person breathe when they cannot do so well on their own. Sometimes called a respirator, it moves air in and out of the lungs to support breathing. Ventilators are often used in hospitals, especially in intensive care, to assist patients with serious illnesses or during surgery.

A ventricle is a fluid-filled space in the brain or heart. In cancer care, ventricles in the brain hold cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord. Sometimes tumors or treatments can block CSF flow, causing pressure that may need to be relieved with a shunt, a small tube that drains extra fluid to another part of the body.

Versed, also known as midazolam hydrochloride, is a medication used to help relax muscles, reduce anxiety, and provide sedation during medical procedures or surgery. It belongs to a group of drugs called benzodiazepines. Versed may also be used to treat severe agitation and is being studied for managing nausea and vomiting caused by some cancer treatments.

The vertebral column, also called the backbone, spine, or spinal column, is a strong, flexible column of 26 bones called vertebrae that runs from the base of the skull to the tailbone. It protects the spinal cord and supports your body’s weight, helping you stand, bend, and move. In cancer care, the vertebral column may be involved if tumors or treatments affect the bones or nerves in this area.

Vertebroplasty is a medical procedure that helps repair broken bones in the spine caused by cancer, osteoporosis, or injury. During the procedure, a special bone cement is injected into the damaged vertebra to strengthen it. It is important for patients and caregivers to discuss with their care team how vertebroplasty might apply to their specific situation, rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment recommendation on its own.

Verum acupuncture means traditional acupuncture, where thin needles are carefully inserted into specific points on the body to help control pain and other symptoms. It is often compared to sham acupuncture, a placebo method where needles are not inserted as deeply or at the same points. Patients should ask their care team how verum acupuncture might apply to their own care.

Verzenio, also called abemaciclib, is a targeted cancer medicine used mainly to treat certain types of breast cancer in adults. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow, especially in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. Verzenio may be used alone or with hormone therapies and is part of a larger treatment plan based on specific cancer tests.

Vesanoid is a medicine taken by mouth that contains tretinoin, a form of vitamin A. It is mainly used to treat a type of blood cancer called acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), often along with other drugs. Researchers are also studying Vesanoid for use in other cancers. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Vesicant extravasation happens when certain cancer drugs called vesicants leak out of a vein into the surrounding tissue. These drugs can cause blistering and serious tissue damage, sometimes leading to tissue death. If you see this term, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it describes a diagnosis or treatment plan.

A vesicle is a small sac made of a membrane and filled with liquid. Inside the body, vesicles help move substances within or outside cells. In cancer care, vesicles can also refer to small fluid-filled blisters on the skin, which may result from treatment side effects or infections. If you see the term vesicle in your medical information, ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

A vestibular schwannoma, also called acoustic neuroma, is a non-cancerous tumor that grows slowly on nerves in the inner ear. It usually affects hearing and balance on one side of the head. Symptoms may include hearing loss, ringing in the ear, dizziness, and sometimes facial numbness or weakness. Though benign, it requires careful diagnosis and monitoring because it can press on nearby nerves or brain areas.

VHL disease is a rare inherited condition that causes tumors and cysts to grow in different parts of the body, such as the brain, spinal cord, kidneys, and pancreas. These tumors are often benign but can sometimes be cancerous. People with VHL disease have a higher risk of certain cancers, especially kidney and pancreatic cancer. It is also called VHL syndrome or von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.

The VHL gene, also called the Von Hippel-Lindau gene, helps control how cells grow and divide. Changes (mutations) in this gene can lead to a rare inherited condition called Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, which increases the risk of certain tumors and kidney cancer. This gene is important in understanding some hereditary kidney cancers and may be discussed during genetic testing or counseling.

VHL Syndrome, also called Von Hippel-Lindau disease or VHL disease, is a rare inherited condition that causes tumors and cysts to grow in different parts of the body. These growths often appear in the brain, spinal cord, kidneys, pancreas, and eyes. Most tumors are benign (not cancer), but some can become cancerous, especially kidney and pancreatic tumors. People with VHL have a higher risk of certain cancers and need regular monitoring.

Viagra, also known as sildenafil, is a medication mainly used to treat erectile dysfunction by improving blood flow. It is also prescribed for a lung condition called pulmonary arterial hypertension. In cancer care, sildenafil may sometimes be mentioned in relation to treatments affecting blood flow or the uterus. Always ask your healthcare team how it applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a cancer treatment.

Vibe, also called High-Vibration Wellness, is a supportive approach some people explore during cancer care. It involves ideas about energy, positive thinking, nutrition, and lifestyle aimed at improving well-being, stress relief, symptom management, and recovery. While it is not a proven cancer treatment, patients may use it to support quality of life or complement medical care. Always discuss it with your healthcare team before trying.

Vibe or High-Vibration Wellness is a supportive approach some people explore during cancer care. It focuses on ideas about energy, positive thinking, nutrition, and lifestyle to help improve well-being, reduce stress, relieve symptoms, and support recovery. While it is not a proven cancer treatment, patients may use it alongside medical care to enhance quality of life. Always talk with your healthcare team before trying it.

Vibro-acoustography imaging is a technique that uses ultrasound waves to make tissues vibrate. It helps create images by detecting the sound from these vibrations. This method is being studied to help find cancer, such as breast cancer, because cancer tissue vibrates differently than normal tissue. Patients should ask their care team how this imaging applies to their situation rather than seeing it as a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

Vidaza is a medicine used to treat certain blood cancers in adults and children. It contains azacitidine, which works by interfering with cancer cells’ ability to make DNA, helping to slow or stop their growth. Vidaza is often part of a treatment plan for conditions like myelodysplastic syndromes and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Patients should discuss with their care team how Vidaza fits into their specific treatment.

Video-Assisted Resection, also called Video-Assisted Surgery, is a type of surgery where doctors use a small video camera to see inside the body. The camera projects images onto a screen, helping the surgeon perform the operation with more detail. If you see this term in your medical information, it’s important to ask your care team how it applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it describes your diagnosis or treatment plan.

Video-Assisted Surgery, also called Video-Assisted Resection, is a surgical method where doctors use a small video camera to see inside the body. The camera projects images onto a screen, helping the surgeon perform the operation with more detail. If you see this term in your medical information, ask your care team how it applies to your specific situation rather than assuming it describes your diagnosis or treatment plan.

A villous adenoma is a type of polyp, or abnormal growth, that can develop in the colon or other parts of the digestive tract. While not cancer, these growths can sometimes turn into cancer if left untreated. Villous adenomas tend to have a higher risk of becoming cancerous compared to some other types of polyps. It’s important to discuss what this finding means for you with your healthcare team.

A villus is a tiny, finger-like projection found on the surface of mucous membranes, especially in the small intestine. These small structures help increase the surface area inside the intestine, allowing the body to absorb nutrients more efficiently. When you see the term villus or villi in medical information, it’s important to understand it in context and ask your care team how it relates to your health or treatment.

Vimseltinib Dihydrate, also called Romvimza, is a medicine used to treat adults with tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT), a rare and usually noncancerous tumor affecting the joints. It works by blocking proteins that help tumor cells grow and spread. Romvimza is often used when surgery might cause more harm or serious problems.

VIN, or vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, is a condition where abnormal cells are found on the surface of the vulvar skin. Sometimes called vulvar carcinoma in situ, VIN is not cancer but can develop into vulvar cancer if untreated. It is linked to risk factors like HPV infection and older age. Understanding VIN in your medical reports and discussing it with your care team is important for proper care.

Vinblastine sulfate is a chemotherapy drug used to treat several types of cancer, including breast cancer that has not improved with other treatments. It works by stopping cancer cells from growing and dividing. Patients and caregivers should discuss with their healthcare team how this drug fits into their specific treatment plan, as its use varies by individual case.

Vinca alkaloids are cancer-fighting drugs originally made from the periwinkle plant. They work by stopping cancer cells from dividing and growing. These medicines are used in chemotherapy to help treat various cancers. If you hear this term, it’s important to ask your care team how it relates to your treatment, as it is not a diagnosis or a test but a type of medicine that may be part of your care plan.

Vincristine sulfate is a chemotherapy drug used to treat certain cancers, including acute leukemia and Hodgkin lymphoma. It works by stopping cancer cells from growing and dividing. Vincristine is often part of combination chemotherapy plans and may be studied for other cancers. Patients should discuss with their care team how this drug fits their treatment.

Vindesine is a chemotherapy drug that comes from a plant family called vinca alkaloids. It works by stopping cancer cells from dividing and growing. Vindesine is often used with other cancer medicines to treat cancers like leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, and lung cancer. If you see this term, ask your care team how it relates to your specific treatment.

Vinflunine, also known by the brand name Javlor, is a chemotherapy drug being studied mainly for bladder cancer. It belongs to a group of medicines called vinca alkaloids, which come from the periwinkle plant. Vinflunine may be used when other treatments have not worked. Patients may see this name in medical reports or treatment plans and should ask their care team what it means for their specific situation.

Vinorelbine tartrate is a chemotherapy drug used mainly to treat non-small cell lung cancer. It works by stopping cancer cells from growing and dividing. It can be given alone or with another drug called cisplatin. Vinorelbine tartrate is also being studied for other types of cancer. Patients should talk with their care team about how this drug might apply to their treatment.

Vinyl chloride is a manmade colorless gas used to make plastics. Exposure to vinyl chloride may increase the risk of developing certain cancers, including rare liver cancer, brain and lung cancers, lymphoma, and leukemia. It is important for patients and caregivers to understand vinyl chloride in context and discuss with their care team how it might relate to their individual health.

Vioxx, also known as rofecoxib, was a prescription drug used to relieve pain and inflammation. It belonged to a group called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that targeted an enzyme involved in inflammation. Vioxx was taken off the U.S. market due to safety concerns about increased risks of heart attack and stroke, especially with long-term or high-dose use. Patients should ask their care team how this term relates to their care.

VIP refers to a chemotherapy combination used mainly to treat advanced testicular cancer. It includes the drugs etoposide, ifosfamide, and cisplatin. VIP can also refer to a rare hormone called vasoactive intestinal peptide or to tumors that produce this hormone. Because VIP has several meanings in cancer care, it’s important to ask your healthcare team what it means in your specific situation.

VIP hormone, also called vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), is a hormone made in the pancreas, intestines, and nervous system. It helps control digestion by relaxing muscles and regulating fluids and stomach acid. Rare tumors in the pancreas can produce too much VIP, causing symptoms like watery diarrhea and dehydration. If you see VIP mentioned in your care, ask your medical team what it means for you.

VIP Regimen is a chemotherapy treatment combining three drugs—etoposide, ifosfamide, and cisplatin—mainly used for advanced testicular cancer, especially when bleomycin cannot be given. The term VIP can also refer to a rare hormone or tumors that produce it, so it’s important to ask your care team what VIP means in your specific situation.

A VIP-producing neuroendocrine tumor, also called a VIPoma or VIP-secreting tumor, is a very rare tumor that usually forms in the pancreas. It makes a hormone called vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), which affects digestion and fluid balance. Symptoms often include chronic watery diarrhea, dehydration, abdominal pain, nausea, and low potassium levels. Most of these tumors are cancerous and may have spread when found.

A VIP-secreting tumor, also called a VIPoma or VIP-producing neuroendocrine tumor, is a very rare tumor that usually starts in the pancreas. It makes a hormone called vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), which affects digestion and fluid balance. Symptoms often include ongoing watery diarrhea, dehydration, abdominal pain, nausea, and low potassium levels. Most of these tumors are cancerous and may have spread when found.

A vipoma is a very rare tumor that usually forms in the pancreas and makes a hormone called vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). This hormone helps control digestion by relaxing muscles and regulating water and salt secretion. When produced in excess by the tumor, it can cause symptoms like chronic watery diarrhea, dehydration, abdominal pain, and low potassium levels. Most vipomas are cancerous and may have spread when found.

The term "viral" means something related to a virus, which is a tiny germ that can cause infections. In cancer care, viral infections may affect your health or treatment. For example, hepatitis B is a viral infection that can harm the liver. Doctors may use antiviral medicines to prevent or treat viral infections, especially when your immune system is weaker during cancer treatment.

Viral oncolysate is a special extract made from cancer cells infected with a virus that can break down those cells. This extract contains proteins from both the cancer cells and the virus. Researchers are studying viral oncolysates as a possible type of cancer vaccine to help the immune system recognize and fight cancer.

Viral therapy, also called oncolytic virotherapy, is a type of cancer treatment that uses viruses changed in the lab to find and destroy cancer cells without harming healthy cells. It is a form of targeted therapy designed to attack cancer specifically. If you see this term, ask your care team how it applies to your treatment plan.

A viral vector is a virus that has been changed in the lab so it cannot cause illness. In cancer care, viral vectors are used to carry helpful genes into cells. They may help fix damaged genes, deliver cancer-fighting genes, or support cancer vaccines. If you hear this term, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your specific treatment or test results.

Virotherapy, also called oncolytic virotherapy or viral therapy, is a cancer treatment that uses specially designed viruses to infect and kill cancer cells without harming healthy cells. These viruses can also help the immune system recognize and attack tumors. This newer targeted therapy may be used alone or with chemotherapy or radiation to improve treatment.

Virtual colonoscopy, also called CT colonography, is a screening test that uses special X-ray equipment and a computer to create detailed pictures of the inside of the colon and rectum. It helps doctors look for colon polyps and cancer without using a traditional scope. This test is less invasive and usually takes less time, making it an option for some people who need colorectal cancer screening or evaluation of symptoms.

Virulence is the ability of a microorganism, like bacteria or viruses, to cause harm or damage to its host. It describes how severe an infection might be based on the traits of the germ and how it interacts with the body’s defenses. If you see this term in your medical records or discussions, it’s important to ask your care team what it means for your specific situation.

Virulent describes how strongly a germ, like a virus or bacterium, can cause harm or damage to the body. It refers to the severity of an infection and how aggressive the germ is. In cancer care, understanding virulence helps doctors manage infections, especially when the immune system is weakened by illness or treatment. If you hear this term, ask your care team what it means for your health.

Virulizin is a substance that activates certain immune system cells and is being studied as a possible treatment for cancer. It belongs to a group of drugs called biological therapy agents. If you see this term, it’s important to talk with your care team about what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

A virus is a tiny germ that can infect cells in your body and sometimes cause illness. Some viruses, like West Nile virus, can lead to serious problems such as brain inflammation. Others, like hepatitis B virus, can affect the liver and may increase cancer risk. Viruses spread in different ways, and while some infections have vaccines or treatments, others do not.

The virus replication cycle is the process by which a virus infects a cell, makes copies of itself, and releases new virus particles. For patients and caregivers, it’s important to understand this term in the context of a specific diagnosis or treatment plan. Always ask your care team how it relates to your situation rather than assuming it means a particular outcome or treatment.

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are tiny structures made from proteins that look like viruses but contain no viral genetic material. Because they cannot cause infection, VLPs are used safely in vaccines, such as those that help prevent cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). If you see this term, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your care rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment by itself.

A virus-neutralizing antibody is a type of protein made by the immune system that attaches to a virus and blocks it from infecting cells. These antibodies help protect the body from viral infections and can be important in understanding immune responses during cancer care or treatments involving viruses. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

Viscera are the soft internal organs inside the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, such as the heart, lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines. In cancer care, understanding viscera helps describe where tumors are located or if cancer has spread to these organs. If you see this term in your medical records, ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Visceral refers to the soft internal organs inside the body, such as the lungs, heart, and organs involved in digestion, reproduction, and circulation. In cancer care, understanding the term visceral helps patients know where tumors may be located or how cancer might spread. It’s important to ask your care team how this term relates to your specific diagnosis or treatment rather than interpreting it alone.

The visceral peritoneum is a thin layer of tissue that covers the outer surface of most organs in the abdomen, such as the intestines. It helps protect these organs and allows them to move smoothly inside the belly. In cancer care, understanding this term can help patients know how cancer might spread or affect abdominal organs. Always ask your care team how it relates to your specific situation.

Viscotoxins are small proteins found in the leaves and stems of European mistletoe plants. They can kill cells and may affect the immune system. Some people explore mistletoe extracts containing viscotoxins as a natural approach to cancer care, but their safety and benefits are not fully proven. Always discuss any mistletoe use or related terms with your healthcare team to understand what it means for your care.

Visilizumab is a type of monoclonal antibody that was studied to help control immune system reactions, such as graft-versus-host disease after stem cell transplants and some autoimmune diseases. Its development was stopped due to limited effectiveness and safety concerns compared to other treatments. Patients should discuss with their care team how this term relates to their care rather than assuming it is a current treatment option.

Vismodegib, also known as Erivedge or GDC-0449, is a medication used to treat basal cell carcinoma (a type of skin cancer) that has spread, returned after surgery, or cannot be treated with surgery or radiation. It works by blocking a protein involved in cancer growth. Patients may see different names for this drug and should ask their care team how it applies to their treatment.

Vistogard is a medicine used in emergencies to treat serious side effects or overdose from chemotherapy drugs like fluorouracil or capecitabine. It helps protect healthy cells, especially when heart or nervous system problems happen soon after chemotherapy. It is also known as PN401, triacetyluridine, or uridine triacetate. It may also appear under related names such as PN401, Triacetyluridine, And Uridine Triacetate.

The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a simple tool used to help people describe how much pain or discomfort they feel. It usually looks like a straight line with one end meaning no pain and the other end meaning the worst pain imaginable. Patients mark a spot on the line that matches their feeling. This helps healthcare providers understand symptoms and guide treatment decisions.

Visual Pathway Glioma, also called Optic Pathway Glioma, is a rare, slow-growing tumor that develops along parts of the nervous system carrying visual signals from the eye to the brain. These areas include the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tract. Because it affects important parts of the vision system, it’s important to ask your care team how this diagnosis relates to your individual situation.

Guided Imagery, also called Visualization, is a relaxation technique where you imagine calming and positive scenes using your senses. In cancer care, it may help reduce stress, pain, anxiety, and support recovery. It is a complementary approach used alongside medical treatments to improve comfort and quality of life, not a cure for cancer itself.

The word "vital" means something necessary to keep life going, like breathing or important organs. In cancer care, tumors pressing on vital organs can be serious or life-threatening. It’s important for patients and caregivers to understand the term in context and ask their healthcare team how it applies to their specific situation, rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment plan on its own.

Vitality refers to a person’s energy, strength, and ability to live and grow. In cancer care, vitality often means how active and vigorous someone feels during or after treatment. Illness and cancer treatments can lower vitality, making patients feel tired or less energetic. Understanding vitality helps patients and caregivers talk about well-being and coping during cancer care.

Vitamins are nutrients your body needs in small amounts to stay healthy. They come from foods and supplements. While vitamins like vitamin D help keep bones strong, high doses of some vitamins, such as vitamin E, may increase certain health risks. It’s important to talk with your care team about vitamins and how they relate to your health and cancer care.

Vitamin A, also called retinol, is a nutrient important for vision, bone growth, reproduction, and immune health. It is stored in the liver, allowing the body to maintain normal levels even if dietary intake is low for months. Vitamin A comes from animal foods like liver and dairy, and from colorful fruits and vegetables as carotenoids that the body can convert to retinol. It is being studied for possible roles in cancer prevention and treatment.

Vitamin A acid, also called all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), tretinoin, or retinoic acid, is a form of vitamin A that helps cells grow and develop. It is used as medicine to treat a type of blood cancer called acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and skin conditions like acne. The same substance may appear under different names, so understanding these can help avoid confusion when reading medical information.

Vitamin B complex is a group of water-soluble vitamins important for the body’s health. These vitamins are found in foods like meat, eggs, vegetables, and seeds. Researchers are studying some B vitamins for their possible roles in preventing or treating certain cancers. If you hear about vitamin B complex in your care, ask your healthcare team how it relates to your specific situation rather than assuming it is a treatment or diagnosis.

Vitamin B1, also called thiamine, is a nutrient your body needs in small amounts to stay healthy. It helps your nerves, heart, and energy use work well. You get it from foods like pork, beans, nuts, and whole grains. Vitamin B1 is water-soluble, so you need it every day. In cancer care, it’s important to understand related terms and ask your care team about nutrition support and vitamin testing.

Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin or cyanocobalamin, is an essential nutrient your body needs in small amounts to stay healthy. It helps make red blood cells, DNA, and nerve cells. You may see these names in blood tests, nutrition advice, or symptom discussions during cancer care. Always ask your care team how vitamin B12 relates to your personal health rather than assuming it means a diagnosis or treatment.

Vitamin B2, also called riboflavin, is a water-soluble vitamin found in foods like milk, eggs, and leafy greens. It helps the body make red blood cells, supports healthy skin, nails, and hair, and plays a role in energy production. The body needs a daily supply because it does not store this vitamin. In cancer care, vitamin B2 levels may sometimes be higher, but this does not mean it causes or treats cancer.

Vitamin B3, also called niacin or nicotinic acid, is a nutrient the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy. It helps enzymes work properly and supports the health of skin, nerves, and digestion. Found in many foods, vitamin B3 must be taken daily because it dissolves in water and is not stored. It is being studied for possible roles in preventing some cancers and for use in skin care.

Vitamin B5, also called pantothenic acid, is a water-soluble B vitamin that the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy. It helps enzymes break down food and make important substances, and it protects cells from damage. Found in almost all plant and animal foods, it must be eaten daily because the body does not store it. Doctors usually do not measure vitamin B5 levels during cancer care but recommend a balanced diet that includes this vitamin.

Vitamin B6, also called pyridoxine, is a nutrient the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy. It helps keep nerves and skin healthy, supports the immune system, maintains normal blood sugar, and helps produce red blood cells. Found in many foods like meat, fish, eggs, and bananas, vitamin B6 is being studied for its potential to reduce side effects of some cancer treatments.

Vitamin C, also called ascorbic acid, is a nutrient your body needs to stay healthy. It helps heal wounds, fight infections, and keep tissues strong. Found in fruits and vegetables like citrus, peppers, and broccoli, vitamin C is important for overall health. While it is being studied in cancer care, vitamin C is not a proven cure or treatment for cancer.

Vitamin D is a nutrient important for strong bones and overall health. It helps the body use calcium and phosphorus to build and maintain bones. The body makes vitamin D when skin is exposed to sunlight, and it is also found in some foods and supplements. In cancer care, vitamin D levels may be checked or supplemented because some treatments or conditions can affect bone health and vitamin D use.

Vitamin D2, also called ergocalciferol, is a form of vitamin D found in plants and fungi. It helps your body use calcium and phosphorus to build strong bones and teeth. In cancer care, doctors may check vitamin D levels to support bone health during treatment. Vitamin D2 is not a cancer treatment but may be part of overall health management. Ask your care team how it applies to your care.

Vitamin E, also called alpha-tocopherol, is a nutrient found in foods like nuts, seeds, leafy greens, and vegetable oils. It acts as an antioxidant, helping protect your cells and supporting your immune system. While vitamin E is important for health, taking large supplement doses during cancer treatment may have risks. Always talk with your care team before using vitamin E supplements.

Vitamin H, also known as biotin or vitamin B7, is a water-soluble B vitamin your body needs in small amounts to stay healthy. It helps enzymes turn food into energy and supports healthy skin, nerves, and tissues. Biotin is found in foods like egg yolks, whole milk, yeast, and organ meats. In cancer care, biotin may be involved in nutrition or experimental treatments that target cancer cells. Always tell your care team if you take biotin supplements, as they can.

Vitamin K is a nutrient your body needs in small amounts to help blood clot properly and keep bones strong. It is found in green leafy vegetables, broccoli, liver, and vegetable oils, and is also made by bacteria in your intestines. Not having enough vitamin K can cause bleeding and bruising. It is a fat-soluble vitamin, meaning it dissolves in fats and oils and is stored in the body.

Vitamin Q10, also known as Coenzyme Q10 or CoQ10, is a natural substance your body makes to help cells produce energy and protect themselves from damage. It acts as an antioxidant and is found in foods like fatty fish, beef, and soybeans. Some people with cancer take CoQ10 supplements to support heart health during chemotherapy or reduce side effects, but its benefits and safety are still being studied.

Vitespen, also known as Oncophage or Gp96 Heat Shock Protein-Peptide Complex Vaccine, is a personalized cancer vaccine made from a patient’s own tumor cells. It is designed to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. Vitespen has been used to treat kidney cancer, glioma (a type of brain cancer), and metastatic melanoma (skin cancer that has spread).

Vitex, also known as chaste tree berry or monk’s pepper, is an herbal extract made from the fruit of the chaste tree found in parts of Asia and Europe. It is often used to support women’s reproductive health, including easing menstrual symptoms and helping with fertility. Because it may affect hormone levels, it’s important to tell your healthcare team if you use it, especially during cancer care.

Vitrakvi (also called larotrectinib sulfate or LOXO-101) is a targeted cancer drug used to treat adults and children with certain solid tumors that have a rare genetic change called an NTRK gene fusion. It works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow. It is used when tumors have spread or cannot be removed by surgery and may be called by different names in medical reports.

The vitreous humor is the clear, jelly-like fluid that fills the inside of the eye between the lens and the retina. In cancer care, it is important because some treatments, like intravitreal chemotherapy, involve injecting anticancer drugs directly into this fluid to treat certain eye cancers such as retinoblastoma. Patients should always ask their care team how this term relates to their specific situation.

Vivitrol is a medication also known as naltrexone hydrochloride or Revia. It blocks the effects of opioids and is mainly used to treat opioid addiction and alcohol dependence. Researchers are also studying it as a possible treatment for breast cancer. Vivitrol is not a pain medicine and works differently from opioid painkillers.

Vizimpro is a medication also known as dacomitinib or PF-00299804. It is used to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that has spread and has specific changes in the EGFR gene. Vizimpro works by blocking proteins that help cancer cells grow. It is approved as a first treatment option for patients with these mutations and is being studied for other cancers.

VLNT, also called lymphovenous transplant or vascularized lymph node transfer, is a surgery to help reduce swelling caused by lymphedema. Healthy lymph nodes and vessels are moved from one part of the body, like the neck, abdomen, or groin, to an area with damaged lymph nodes, often an arm or leg. This can improve lymph flow and relieve symptoms.

VNP20009 is a genetically modified Salmonella bacterium designed to be injected directly into tumors. It is being studied as a possible way to shrink solid tumors. If you see this term, it’s important to talk with your care team about what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment recommendation.

VNP40101M is a drug being studied as a possible treatment for cancer. It belongs to a group of medicines called alkylating agents, which work by affecting cancer cells’ DNA. If you see this term, it’s important to talk with your healthcare team about what it means for your specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment plan.

Vocal cords are two small bands of muscle inside the voice box (larynx) that vibrate to produce sound when you speak or sing. Problems with vocal cords can cause voice changes like hoarseness, raspy voice, or difficulty talking. Causes include infections, acid reflux, growths, cancer, or nerve problems. Treatment depends on the cause and may involve surgery, therapy, or other approaches.

A vocational rehabilitation counselor, also called a vocational therapist, is a trained professional who helps people with disabilities or health challenges, including cancer, explore job options. They assess education, skills, interests, and financial needs to support employment decisions and provide guidance on workplace accommodations and job-related issues. It may also appear under related names such as Vocational Therapist.

A vocational therapist, also called a vocational rehabilitation counselor, is a trained professional who helps people with disabilities or health challenges, including cancer, explore job options. They assess education, skills, interests, and financial needs to support employment decisions and provide guidance on workplace accommodations and job-related issues. It may also appear under related names such as Vocational Rehabilitation Counselor.

The voice box, also called the larynx, is a part of your throat that helps you breathe, swallow, and talk. It contains your vocal cords, which produce sound when air passes through. The voice box can be affected by conditions like voice disorders or cancer, especially in people who use tobacco or drink heavily. Knowing about the voice box helps you understand symptoms, tests, and treatments related to throat and head and neck cancers.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemicals that easily evaporate into the air at room temperature. Some VOCs, like limonene and benzoquinones, are naturally produced by certain beetles as part of their defensive secretions. While these compounds may appear in scientific or alternative therapy discussions, they have no proven role in cancer diagnosis, treatment, or prevention. Understanding these terms can help avoid confusion when they come up in reports or conversations.

Volociximab, also called M200, is a laboratory-made monoclonal antibody being studied as a treatment for some advanced solid tumors. It works by blocking a protein on blood vessels in tumors, aiming to stop new blood vessel growth that tumors need to grow. This type of treatment is known as an angiogenesis inhibitor and is still experimental.

Voltaren is a medicine also known as diclofenac sodium. It is used to reduce pain and swelling, especially in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. Voltaren may appear as pills, gels, or other forms. It is being studied for possible use in preventing and treating some types of skin cancer. Patients should always ask their care team how Voltaren or diclofenac applies to their specific health situation.

Voltaren Gel, also called Diclofenac Sodium Gel, is a medicine applied to the skin to reduce pain and swelling, often used for rheumatoid arthritis. It is being studied for possible use in preventing and treating some types of skin cancer. The gel works by blocking substances that cause inflammation and may slow tumor growth by affecting blood vessels. Always ask your care team how it applies to your situation.

Vomiting, also called emesis, is when your stomach forcefully pushes its contents out through your mouth. It can happen for many reasons, such as infections, motion sickness, pregnancy, or as a side effect of cancer treatments like chemotherapy. While common, vomiting can sometimes lead to dehydration or other health issues if not managed properly.

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a rare inherited condition that causes tumors and cysts to grow in different parts of the body, such as the brain, spinal cord, kidneys, and pancreas. Most tumors are benign (non-cancerous), but some, especially in the kidneys and pancreas, can become cancerous. People with VHL need regular tests to find and manage these growths early.

The Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene helps control how cells grow and divide. Changes in this gene can cause Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, a rare inherited condition that raises the risk of certain tumors, including kidney cancer. Understanding the VHL gene is important for families with a history of kidney or related tumors and may guide genetic testing and care.

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL) is a rare inherited condition that increases the risk of developing tumors and cysts in different parts of the body. People with VHL have a higher chance of certain cancers, especially kidney and pancreatic cancers. It is caused by a change in the VHL gene and may also be called VHL disease or VHL syndrome.

Vonjo (pacritinib citrate) is a targeted medicine used to treat adults with intermediate- or high-risk myelofibrosis, a bone marrow disorder. It is especially helpful for patients with very low platelet counts. Vonjo works by blocking proteins that help abnormal blood cells grow, aiming to control the disease and its symptoms.

Voranigo (also called vorasidenib citrate) is a targeted cancer drug approved to treat certain low-grade brain tumors called grade 2 astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma in people aged 12 and older. It works by blocking abnormal proteins made by mutated IDH1 or IDH2 genes, which can help slow or stop tumor growth. Voranigo is used after surgery to remove or biopsy the tumor and is being studied for other cancers as well.

Vorasidenib citrate, also called Voranigo, is a targeted cancer drug used to treat certain low-grade brain tumors called grade 2 astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma in people aged 12 and older. It works by blocking abnormal proteins made by mutated IDH1 or IDH2 genes, which may help slow or stop tumor growth. It is used after surgery or biopsy and is being studied for other cancers.

Voraxaze, also called glucarpidase or carboxypeptidase-G2, is a medicine used to quickly lower dangerous levels of the cancer drug methotrexate in the blood. It is given to adults and children whose kidneys are not working well enough to clear methotrexate safely. Voraxaze is not a cancer treatment itself but helps manage side effects during cancer care.

Voriconazole is a medicine used to treat serious fungal infections, especially in people with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing bone marrow or organ transplants or with certain cancers. It works by stopping the growth of fungi that can cause infections. Patients should always discuss with their care team how this medicine applies to their specific situation rather than assuming it is a diagnosis or treatment on its own.

Vorinostat, also known as SAHA, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, or Zolinza, is a cancer drug used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (a type of skin lymphoma) when other treatments have not worked or the cancer has returned. It works by blocking enzymes that cancer cells need to grow and divide. Vorinostat is being studied for other cancers as well.

Vorozole is a hormone therapy drug that works by lowering estrogen production in the body. It was studied as a possible cancer treatment but was not found to improve survival compared to other drugs. Patients should discuss with their care team how Vorozole might relate to their specific situation rather than assuming it is a recommended treatment.

Votrient (pazopanib hydrochloride) is a targeted cancer drug used to treat adults with advanced kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma) or advanced soft tissue sarcoma after other treatments. It works by blocking proteins that tumors need to grow new blood vessels, which helps slow tumor growth. It is taken as a pill and may be called by other names like GW786034.

VP-16, also called etoposide, is a chemotherapy drug used with other medicines to treat certain cancers like small cell lung cancer and some testicular cancers. It works by blocking an enzyme cancer cells need to divide and repair their DNA, which may help kill them. Patients should ask their care team how it applies to their specific treatment plan.

The vulva is the external part of a woman’s genitals. It includes the vaginal lips, clitoris, and the openings of the vagina and urethra. The vulva can be affected by conditions like infections, skin problems, pain, and vulvar cancer. If you notice symptoms such as itching, lumps, bleeding, or skin changes, it’s important to see a healthcare provider for evaluation.

Vulvar cancer is a rare cancer that starts in the vulva, the external female genital area including the vaginal lips and clitoris. It usually grows slowly over several years. Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause. Symptoms may include itching, pain, lumps, or changes in vulvar skin. Diagnosis is made by physical exam and biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and biologic therapy.

Vulvar Carcinoma In Situ, also called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), is a condition where abnormal cells are found on the surface of the vulvar skin. These cells are not cancer but may develop into vulvar cancer if untreated. It is linked to risk factors like older age and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Understanding this term and discussing it with your care team can help guide proper care and monitoring.

Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN) is a condition where abnormal cells are found on the surface of the vulvar skin. These cells are not cancer but may develop into vulvar cancer if untreated. VIN is linked to risk factors like human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and a history of genital warts. Symptoms can include itching, bleeding, or lumps in the vulvar area. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent progression.

A VUS, or Variant of Uncertain Significance, is a change found in a gene’s DNA that doctors do not yet understand well enough to know if it affects health or cancer risk. It is also called an unclassified variant or variant of unknown significance. If you see this term in genetic test results, it means more research is needed to know what the change means for you.

VX 853 is an experimental drug being studied to help make cancer cells less resistant to chemotherapy. Researchers hope it can improve how well chemotherapy works by overcoming some cancer cells’ defenses against treatment. It is not yet a standard treatment but is part of ongoing research. This entry helps connect the word with diagnoses, testing, treatments, supportive care, research notes, protocols, media, books, people, organizations, and safety concerns.

VX-710, also known as biricodar, is a drug studied to help make cancer cells less resistant to chemotherapy. Developed in the late 1990s, it was tested in clinical trials but never approved for general use. Patients and caregivers should discuss with their care team how this term relates to their specific situation rather than seeing it as a treatment recommendation.

Vyloy, also known as zolbetuximab, is a targeted cancer drug used with chemotherapy to treat certain stomach and gastroesophageal junction cancers. It works by attaching to a protein called CLDN18.2 found on some cancer cells, helping to stop their growth and cause them to die. Vyloy is approved for adults whose cancer is HER2-negative, has spread, and cannot be removed by surgery.

Vyxeos is a cancer treatment that combines two chemotherapy drugs, daunorubicin hydrochloride and cytarabine, inside tiny fat particles called liposomes. It is mainly used to treat adults with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML), especially certain types like therapy-related AML or AML with myelodysplasia-related changes. This form may work better and cause fewer side effects than other versions of these drugs.